merge with master

This commit is contained in:
lukashov
2015-11-23 17:48:59 +01:00
5371 changed files with 1239495 additions and 2138470 deletions
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{\Large openair Specifications }\\
Phyiscal, Medium-Access, Radio-link Control, Packet Data Convergence Protocol and Radio Resource Control Layers\\
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IEEEabrv.bib
V1.12 (2007/01/11)
Copyright (c) 2002-2007 by Michael Shell
See: http://www.michaelshell.org/
for current contact information.
BibTeX bibliography string definitions of the ABBREVIATED titles of
IEEE journals and magazines and online publications.
This file is designed for bibliography styles that require
abbreviated titles and is not for use in bibliographies that
require full-length titles.
Support sites:
http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/
and/or
http://www.ieee.org/
Special thanks to Laura Hyslop and ken Rawson of IEEE for their help
in obtaining the information needed to compile this file. Also,
Volker Kuhlmann and Moritz Borgmann kindly provided some corrections
and additions.
*************************************************************************
Legal Notice:
This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
User assumes all risk.
In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
of any information contained here.
All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
2003/12/01 or later.
Retain all contribution notices and credits.
** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
File list of work: IEEEabrv.bib, IEEEfull.bib, IEEEexample.bib,
IEEEtran.bst, IEEEtranS.bst, IEEEtranSA.bst,
IEEEtranN.bst, IEEEtranSN.bst, IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf
*************************************************************************
USAGE:
\bibliographystyle{mybstfile}
\bibliography{IEEEabrv,mybibfile}
where the IEEE titles in the .bib database entries use the strings
defined here. e.g.,
journal = IEEE_J_AC,
to yield "{IEEE} Trans. Automat. Contr."
IEEE uses abbreviated journal titles in their bibliographies -
this file is suitable for work that is to be submitted to the IEEE.
For work that requires full-length titles, you should use the full
titles provided in the companion file, IEEEfull.bib.
** NOTES **
1. Journals have been grouped according to subject in order to make it
easier to locate and extract the definitions for related journals -
as most works use references that are confined to a single topic.
Magazines are listed in straight alphabetical order.
2. String names are closely based on IEEE's own internal acronyms.
3. Abbreviations follow IEEE's style.
4. Older, out-of-print IEEE titles are included (but not including titles
dating prior to IEEE's formation from the IRE and AIEE in 1963).
5. The following NEW/current journal definitions have been disabled because
their abbreviations have not yet been verified:
STRING{IEEE_J_CBB = "{IEEE/ACM} Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinformatics"}
STRING{IEEE_J_CJECE = "Canadian J. Elect. Comput. Eng."}
STRING{IEEE_J_DSC = "{IEEE} Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."}
STRING{IEEE_O_DSO = "{IEEE} Distrib. Syst. Online"}
6. The following OLD journal definitions have been disabled because
their abbreviations have not yet been found/verified:
STRING{IEEE_J_BCTV = "{IEEE} Trans. Broadcast Television Receivers"}
STRING{IEEE_J_EWS = "{IEEE} Trans. Eng. Writing Speech"}
If you know what the proper abbreviation is for a string in #5 or #6 above,
email me and I will correct them in the next release.
IEEE Journals
aerospace and military
@STRING{IEEE_J_AES = "{IEEE} Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ANE = "{IEEE} Trans. Aerosp. Navig. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ANNE = "{IEEE} Trans. Aeronaut. Navig. Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AS = "{IEEE} Trans. Aerosp."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AIRE = "{IEEE} Trans. Airborne Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MIL = "{IEEE} Trans. Mil. Electron."}
autos, transportation and vehicles (non-aerospace)
@STRING{IEEE_J_ITS = "{IEEE} Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VT = "{IEEE} Trans. Veh. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VC = "{IEEE} Trans. Veh. Commun."}
circuits, signals, systems, audio and controls
@STRING{IEEE_J_SPL = "{IEEE} Signal Process. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASSP = "{IEEE} Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AU = "{IEEE} Trans. Audio"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AUEA = "{IEEE} Trans. Audio Electroacoust."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_AC = "{IEEE} Trans. Autom. Control"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAS = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASVT = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASI = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {I}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASII = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}"}
in 2004 CASI and CASII renamed part title to CASI_RP and CASII_EB, respectively.
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASI_RP = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {I}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CASII_EB = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CT = "{IEEE} Trans. Circuit Theory"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CST = "{IEEE} Trans. Control Syst. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SP = "{IEEE} Trans. Signal Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SU = "{IEEE} Trans. Sonics Ultrason."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SAP = "{IEEE} Trans. Speech Audio Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_UE = "{IEEE} Trans. Ultrason. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_UFFC = "{IEEE} Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr., Freq. Control"}
communications
@STRING{IEEE_J_COML = "{IEEE} Commun. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSAC = "{IEEE} J. Sel. Areas Commun."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_COM = "{IEEE} Trans. Commun."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_COMT = "{IEEE} Trans. Commun. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_WCOM = "{IEEE} Trans. Wireless Commun."}
components, packaging and manufacturing
@STRING{IEEE_J_ADVP = "{IEEE} Trans. Adv. Packag."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CHMT = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Hybrids, Manuf. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTA = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol. {A}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTB = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol. {B}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPMTC = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol. {C}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAPT = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAPTS = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CPART = "{IEEE} Trans. Compon. Parts"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EPM = "{IEEE} Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MFT = "{IEEE} Trans. Manuf. Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PHP = "{IEEE} Trans. Parts, Hybrids, Packag."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PMP = "{IEEE} Trans. Parts, Mater., Packag."}
CAD
@STRING{IEEE_J_TCAD = "{IEEE} J. Technol. Comput. Aided Design"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAD = "{IEEE} Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst."}
coding, data, information, knowledge
@STRING{IEEE_J_IT = "{IEEE} Trans. Inf. Theory"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_KDE = "{IEEE} Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."}
computers, computation, networking and software
@STRING{IEEE_J_C = "{IEEE} Trans. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_CAL = "{IEEE} Comput. Archit. Lett."}
disabled till definition is verified
STRING{IEEE_J_DSC = "{IEEE} Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ECOMP = "{IEEE} Trans. Electron. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_EVC = "{IEEE} Trans. Evol. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_FUZZ = "{IEEE} Trans. Fuzzy Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IFS = "{IEEE} Trans. Inf. Forensics Security"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MC = "{IEEE} Trans. Mobile Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NET = "{IEEE/ACM} Trans. Netw."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NN = "{IEEE} Trans. Neural Netw."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PDS = "{IEEE} Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SE = "{IEEE} Trans. Softw. Eng."}
computer graphics, imaging, and multimedia
@STRING{IEEE_J_JDT = "{IEEE/OSA} J. Display Technol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_IP = "{IEEE} Trans. Image Process."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MM = "{IEEE} Trans. Multimedia"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_VCG = "{IEEE} Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"}
cybernetics, ergonomics, robots, man-machine, and automation
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASE = "{IEEE} Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JRA = "{IEEE} J. Robot. Autom."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_HFE = "{IEEE} Trans. Hum. Factors Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_MMS = "{IEEE} Trans. Man-Mach. Syst."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PAMI = "{IEEE} Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}
in 1989 JRA became RA
in August 2004, RA split into ASE and RO
@STRING{IEEE_J_RA = "{IEEE} Trans. Robot. Autom."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_RO = "{IEEE} Trans. Robot."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMC = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCA = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. {A}"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SMCB = "{IEEE} Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. {B}"}
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IEEE seems to want "Compon." here, not "Comp."
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medical and biological
@STRING{IEEE_J_BME = "{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng."}
Note: The B-ME journal later dropped the hyphen and became the BME.
@STRING{IEEE_J_B-ME = "{IEEE} Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."}
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disabled till definition is verified
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@STRING{IEEE_J_ITBM = "{IEEE} Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."}
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@STRING{IEEE_J_RE = "{IEEE} Trans. Rehabil. Eng."}
optics, lightwave and photonics
@STRING{IEEE_J_PTL = "{IEEE} Photon. Technol. Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JLT = "J. Lightw. Technol."}
physics, electrons, nanotechnology, nuclear and quantum electronics
@STRING{IEEE_J_EDL = "{IEEE} Electron Device Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JQE = "{IEEE} J. Quantum Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSTQE = "{IEEE} J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ED = "{IEEE} Trans. Electron Devices"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NANO = "{IEEE} Trans. Nanotechnol."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_NS = "{IEEE} Trans. Nucl. Sci."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_PS = "{IEEE} Trans. Plasma Sci."}
reliability
IEEE seems to want "Mat." here, not "Mater."
@STRING{IEEE_J_DMR = "{IEEE} Trans. Device Mater. Rel."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_R = "{IEEE} Trans. Rel."}
semiconductors, superconductors, electrochemical and solid state
@STRING{IEEE_J_ESSL = "{IEEE/ECS} Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_JSSC = "{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits"}
@STRING{IEEE_J_ASC = "{IEEE} Trans. Appl. Supercond."}
@STRING{IEEE_J_SM = "{IEEE} Trans. Semicond. Manuf."}
sensors
@STRING{IEEE_J_SENSOR = "{IEEE} Sensors J."}
VLSI
@STRING{IEEE_J_VLSI = "{IEEE} Trans. {VLSI} Syst."}
IEEE Magazines
@STRING{IEEE_M_AES = "{IEEE} Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_HIST = "{IEEE} Ann. Hist. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_AP = "{IEEE} Antennas Propag. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ASSP = "{IEEE} {ASSP} Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_CD = "{IEEE} Circuits Devices Mag."}
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@STRING{IEEE_M_COM = "{IEEE} Commun. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_COMSOC = "{IEEE} Commun. Soc. Mag."}
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CSEM changed to CSE in 1999
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@STRING{IEEE_M_CS = "{IEEE} Control Syst. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_DTC = "{IEEE} Des. Test. Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EI = "{IEEE} Electr. Insul. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ETR = "{IEEE} ElectroTechnol. Rev."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EMB = "{IEEE} Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_EMR = "{IEEE} Eng. Manag. Rev."}
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@STRING{IEEE_M_IC = "{IEEE} Internet Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_ITP = "{IEEE} {IT} Prof."}
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@STRING{IEEE_M_MW = "{IEEE} Microw. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_MM = "{IEEE} Multimedia"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_NET = "{IEEE} Netw."}
IEEE's editorial manual lists "Pers. Commun.",
but "Personal Commun. Mag." seems to be what is used in the journals
@STRING{IEEE_M_PCOM = "{IEEE} Personal Commun. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_POT = "{IEEE} Potentials"}
CAP and PER merged to form PE in 2003
@STRING{IEEE_M_PE = "{IEEE} Power Energy Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PER = "{IEEE} Power Eng. Rev."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_PVC = "{IEEE} Pervasive Comput."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_RA = "{IEEE} Robot. Autom. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SAP = "{IEEE} Security Privacy"}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SP = "{IEEE} Signal Process. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_S = "{IEEE} Softw."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_SPECT = "{IEEE} Spectr."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_TS = "{IEEE} Technol. Soc. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_VT = "{IEEE} Veh. Technol. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_WC = "{IEEE} Wireless Commun. Mag."}
@STRING{IEEE_M_TODAY = "Today's Engineer"}
IEEE Online Publications
@STRING{IEEE_O_CSTO = "{IEEE} Commun. Surveys Tuts."}
disabled till definition is verified
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--
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff
File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff
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View File
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
all: dvi pdf
dvi:
latex OpenAirMesh.tex
bibtex OpenAirMesh
latex OpenAirMesh.tex
latex OpenAirMesh.tex
pdf:
dvips -Ppdf -ta4 OpenAirMesh.dvi
ps2pdf -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dSubsetFonts=true -dEmbedAllFonts=true -dPDFSETTINGS=/printer OpenAirMesh.ps
clean:
rm -f OpenAirMesh.aux
rm -f OpenAirMesh.bbl
rm -f OpenAirMesh.blg
rm -f OpenAirMesh.dvi
rm -f OpenAirMesh.log
rm -f OpenAirMesh.toc
rm -f OpenAirMesh.ps
superclean: clean
rm -f *.bak
rm -f *.backup
rm -f *~
rm -f OpenAirMesh.pdf
@@ -1,755 +0,0 @@
% This file was created with JabRef 2.3.1.
% Encoding: ISO8859_1
@ARTICLE{akyildiz05wireless,
author = {Akyildiz, Ian F. and Wang, Xudong and Wang, Weilin },
title = {Wireless mesh networks: a survey},
journal = {Computer Networks},
year = {2005},
volume = {47},
pages = {445--487},
number = {4},
month = mar,
abstract = {Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) consist of mesh routers and mesh clients,
where mesh routers have minimal mobility and form the backbone of
WMNs. They provide network access for both mesh and conventional
clients. The integration of WMNs with other networks such as the
Internet, cellular, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, sensor
networks, etc., can be accomplished through the gateway and bridging
functions in the mesh routers. Mesh clients can be either stationary
or mobile, and can form a client mesh network among themselves and
with mesh routers. WMNs are anticipated to resolve the limitations
and to significantly improve the performance of ad hoc networks,
wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks
(WPANs), and wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs). They are
undergoing rapid progress and inspiring numerous deployments. WMNs
will deliver wireless services for a large variety of applications
in personal, local, campus, and metropolitan areas. Despite recent
advances in wireless mesh networking, many research challenges remain
in all protocol layers. This paper presents a detailed study on recent
advances and open research issues in WMNs. System architectures and
applications of WMNs are described, followed by discussing the critical
factors influencing protocol design. Theoretical network capacity
and the state-of-the-art protocols for WMNs are explored with an
objective to point out a number of open research issues. Finally,
testbeds, industrial practice, and current standard activities related
to WMNs are highlighted.},
citeulike-article-id = {784761},
doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2004.12.001},
priority = {2},
xurl = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1071646}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{anouar08,
author = {Hicham Anouar and Christian Bonnet and Florian Kaltenberger and Raymond
Knopp},
title = {{OpenAirMesh}---An Experimental Platform for Cooperative Mesh Networks},
booktitle = {Proc. 1st COST2100 Workshop on {MIMO} and Cooperative Communications},
year = {2008},
address = {Trondheim, Norway},
month = jun,
comment = {sendora},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2008.04.25}
}
@ARTICLE{azarian05,
author = {Azarian, K. and El Gamal, H. and Schniter, P.},
title = {On the achievable diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in half-duplex
cooperative channels},
journal = IEEE_J_IT,
year = {2005},
volume = {51},
pages = {4152--4172},
number = {12},
month = dec,
abstract = {We propose novel cooperative transmission protocols for delay-limited
coherent fading channels consisting of N (half-duplex and single-antenna)
partners and one cell site. In our work, we differentiate between
the relay, cooperative broadcast (down-link), and cooperative multiple-access
(CMA) (up-link) channels. The proposed protocols are evaluated using
Zheng-Tse diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. For the relay channel,
we investigate two classes of cooperation schemes; namely, amplify
and forward (AF) protocols and decode and forward (DF) protocols.
For the first class, we establish an upper bound on the achievable
diversity-multiplexing tradeoff with a single relay. We then construct
a new AF protocol that achieves this upper bound. The proposed algorithm
is then extended to the general case with (N-1) relays where it is
shown to outperform the space-time coded protocol of Laneman and
Wornell without requiring decoding/encoding at the relays. For the
class of DF protocols, we develop a dynamic decode and forward (DDF)
protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for multiplexing gains
0/spl les/r/spl les/1/N. Furthermore, with a single relay, the DDF
protocol is shown to dominate the class of AF protocols for all multiplexing
gains. The superiority of the DDF protocol is shown to be more significant
in the cooperative broadcast channel. The situation is reversed in
the CMA channel where we propose a new AF protocol that achieves
the optimal tradeoff for all multiplexing gains. A distinguishing
feature of the proposed protocols in the three scenarios is that
they do not rely on orthogonal subspaces, allowing for a more efficient
use of resources. In fact, using our results one can argue that the
suboptimality of previously proposed protocols stems from their use
of orthogonal subspaces rather than the half-duplex constraint.},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2005.858920},
issn = {0018-9448},
keywords = {broadcast channels, channel coding, decoding, diversity reception,
fading channels, multi-access systems, multiplexing, protocolsCMA,
DDF protocol, achievable diversity-multiplexing tradeoff, amplify-forward,
broadcast channel, cooperative multiple-access channel, delay-limited
coherent fading channel, dynamic decode-forward, half-duplex mode,
nonorthogonal AF protocol, relay channel, transmission protocol}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{berger07carrier,
author = {Berger, Stefan and Wittneben, Armin },
title = {Carrier phase synchronization of multiple distributed nodes in a
wireless network},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications
(SPAWC 2007)},
year = {2007},
pages = {1--5},
address = {Helsinki, Finland},
month = jun,
abstract = {In this work we present a method for achieving global carrier phase
synchronization in a wireless network of distributed, autonomous
nodes. Other authors who have investigated this problem mainly focus
on a master/slave strategy based on one master broadcasting a sinusoidal
reference signal to all slaves. We follow a slightly different approach
where the slaves concurrently or sequentially transmit a broadband
sequence to the master. Receiving the conjugate complex of the bounced-back
signal, each slave can locally determine the phase difference between
its own and the master\&\#x2019;s local oscillator (LO). This information
suffi ces to allow for coherent cooperation. The broadband nature
of the used sequences makes our approach robust to deep fades in
a frequency-selective environment. We revisit the popular strategy
for global carrier phase synchronization using the sinusoidal reference
and compare it to our own approach. A potential application then
stresses the benefi ts of our scheme.},
citeulike-article-id = {2653868},
doi = {10.1109/SPAWC.2007.4401342},
keywords = {synchronization},
posted-at = {2008-04-11 13:58:50},
priority = {2},
xurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SPAWC.2007.4401342}
}
@ARTICLE{Buck1976,
author = {J. Buck and E. Buck},
title = {Synchronous fireflies},
journal = {Scientific American},
year = {1976},
volume = {234},
pages = {74--85},
number = {5},
month = may,
keywords = {Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Beetles; Luminescent Measurements; Male;
Models, Biological; Periodicity; Time Factors},
owner = {bell},
pmid = {1273569},
timestamp = {2009.05.24}
}
@ARTICLE{Caire,
author = {Caire, G. and Taricco, G. and Biglieri, E.},
title = {Bit-interleaved coded modulation},
journal = IEEE_J_IT,
year = {1998},
volume = {44},
pages = {927--946},
number = {3},
month = may,
doi = {10.1109/18.669123},
issn = {0018-9448},
keywords = { Rayleigh channels, Viterbi decoding, coding errors, error statistics,
fading, interleaved codes, modulation coding, probability Rayleigh
fading channel, Viterbi decoder, bit-interleaved coded modulation,
bit-wise interleaving, encoder output, error probabilities, performance,
soft-decision metric}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Ericsson,
author = {Dahlman, E. and Ekstrom, H. and Furuskar, A. and Jading, Y. and Karlsson,
J. and Lundevall, M. and Parkvall, S.},
title = {The {3G} Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance
Evaluation},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference {VTC}-Spring},
year = {2006},
volume = {1},
pages = {137-141},
month = may,
doi = {10.1109/VETECS.2006.1682791},
issn = {1550-2252},
keywords = {3G mobile communication, OFDM modulation, antennas, code division
multiple access, radio access networks, telecommunication traffic,
transport protocols3G long-term evolution, 3G radio access, 3GPP,
IP optimized architectures, IP protocols, OFDM, WCDMA, advanced antenna
solution, data rates, performance evaluation, radio interface concepts,
radio interface principles, service provisioning, spectrum efficiency,
super-3G, three-fold user throughput, traffic scenarios}
}
@MISC{ettus,
author = {{Ettus Research}},
year = {2009},
citeulike-article-id = {2107238},
keywords = {emos},
owner = {kaltenbe},
priority = {2},
timestamp = {2009.04.27},
url = {http://www.ettus.com}
}
@MISC{openairinterface,
author = {Eurecom},
title = {The OpenAirInterface website},
year = {2009},
citeulike-article-id = {2107238},
keywords = {emos},
owner = {kaltenbe},
priority = {2},
timestamp = {2009.05.05},
url = {http://www.openairinterface.org/}
}
@ARTICLE{Foschini,
author = {Foschini, G. J. and Gans, M. J. },
title = {On limits of wireless communication in a fading environment when
using multiple antennas},
journal = {Wireless Personal Communications},
year = {1998},
volume = {6},
pages = {311-335},
number = {3},
month = mar,
keywords = { }
}
@ARTICLE{Gesbert07adaption,
author = {Gesbert, D. and Kiani, S.G. and Gjendemsj, A. and \O{}ien, G.E.},
title = {Adaptation, Coordination, and Distributed Resource Allocation in
Interference-Limited Wireless Networks},
journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
year = {2007},
volume = {95},
pages = {2393-2409},
number = {12},
month = dec,
abstract = {A sensible design of wireless networks involves striking a good balance
between an aggressive reuse of the spectral resource throughout the
network and managing the resulting co-channel interference. Traditionally,
this problem has been tackled using a ldquodivide and conquerrdquo
approach. The latter consists in deploying the network with a static
or semidynamic pattern of resource reutilization. The chosen reuse
factor, while sacrificing a substantial amount of efficiency, brings
the interference to a tolerable level. The resource can then be managed
in each cell so as to optimize the per cell capacity using an advanced
air interface design. In this paper, we focus our attention on the
overall network capacity as a measure of system performance. We consider
the problem of resource allocation and adaptive transmission in multicell
scenarios. As a key instance, the problem of joint scheduling and
power control simultaneously in multiple transmit-receive links,
which employ capacity-achieving adaptive codes, is studied. In principle,
the solution of such an optimization hinges on tough issues such
as the computational complexity and the requirement for heavy receiver-to-transmitter
feedback and, for cellular networks, cell-to-cell channel state information
(CSI) signaling. We give asymptotic properties pertaining to rate-maximizing
power control and scheduling in multicell networks. We then present
some promising leads for substantial complexity and signaling reduction
via the use of newly developed distributed and game theoretic techniques.},
doi = {10.1109/JPROC.2007.907125},
issn = {0018-9219},
keywords = {adaptive codes, cellular radio, cochannel interference, game theory,
resource allocation, schedulingadaptive codes, adaptive transmission,
air interface design, cellular networks, channel state information,
cochannel interference, distributed resource allocation, divide and
conquer approach, game theory, interference management, link adaptation,
multicell scheduling, power control, resource reutilization, reuse
factor, signaling reduction, system performance, transmit-receive
links, wireless networks},
owner = {bell},
timestamp = {2009.05.24}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{ghaffar09a,
author = {Ghaffar, R. and Knopp, R.},
title = {Interference Suppression for Next Generation Wireless Systems},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference {VTC}-Spring},
year = {2009},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
month = apr
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{ghaffar09b,
author = {Ghaffar, R. and Knopp, R.},
title = {Spatial Interference Cancellation and Pairwise Error Probability
Analysis},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)},
year = {2009},
address = {Dresden, Germany},
month = jun,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2009.05.29}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{ghaffar08b,
author = {Rizwan Ghaffar and Raymond Knopp},
title = {Dual-Antenna {BICM} Reception with Applications to {MIMO} Broadcast
and Single Frequency Cellular System},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Intl.\ Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications (PIMRC)},
year = {2008},
address = {Cannes, France},
month = sep
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{ghaffar08c,
author = {Rizwan Ghaffar and Raymond Knopp},
title = {A {MIMO} Broadcast Strategy and Interference Cancellation in Single
Frequency Cellular System},
booktitle = {Proc.\ 1st {COST2100} Workshop on {MIMO} and Cooperative Communications},
year = {2008},
address = {Trondheim, Norway},
month = jun
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{guillaud05practical,
author = {Maxime Guillaud and Dirk T.M. Slock and Raymond Knopp},
title = {A Practical Method for Wireless Channel Reciprocity Exploitation
Through Relative Calibration},
booktitle = {Proc.\ Intl.\ Symposium on Signal Processing and its Applications
(ISSPA '05)},
year = {2005},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
month = aug
}
@ARTICLE{hong05scalable,
author = {Yao-Win Hong and Scaglione, A.},
title = {A scalable synchronization protocol for large scale sensor networks
and its applications},
journal = IEEE_J_JSAC,
year = {2005},
volume = {23},
pages = {1085--1099},
number = {5},
month = {may},
abstract = { Synchronization is considered a particularly difficult task in wireless
sensor networks due to its decentralized structure. Interestingly,
synchrony has often been observed in networks of biological agents
(e.g., synchronously flashing fireflies, or spiking of neurons).
In this paper, we propose a bio-inspired network synchronization
protocol for large scale sensor networks that emulates the simple
strategies adopted by the biological agents. The strategy synchronizes
pulsing devices that are led to emit their pulses periodically and
simultaneously. The convergence to synchrony of our strategy follows
from the theory of Mirollo and Strogatz, 1990, while the scalability
is evident from the many examples existing in the natural world.
When the nodes are within a single broadcast range, our key observation
is that the dependence of the synchronization time on the number
of nodes N is subject to a phase transition: for values of N beyond
a specific threshold, the synchronization is nearly immediate; while
for smaller N, the synchronization time decreases smoothly with respect
to N. Interestingly, a tradeoff is observed between the total energy
consumption and the time necessary to reach synchrony. We obtain
an optimum operating point at the local minimum of the energy consumption
curve that is associated to the phase transition phenomenon mentioned
before. The proposed synchronization protocol is directly applied
to the cooperative reach-back communications problem. The main advantages
of the proposed method are its scalability and low complexity.},
doi = {10.1109/JSAC.2005.845418},
issn = {0733-8716},
keywords = { distributed algorithms, feedback oscillators, protocols, synchronisation,
wireless sensor networks bioinspired network synchronization protocol,
biological agent, cooperative reach-back communication, distributed
algorithm, distributed feedback oscillator, energy consumption, phase
transition, scalable synchronization protocol, wireless sensor network},
owner = {bell},
timestamp = {2009.05.24}
}
@ARTICLE{hu06scalability,
author = {Hu, A. S. and Servetto, S. D. },
title = {On the scalability of cooperative time synchronization in pulse-connected
networks},
journal = IEEE_J_IT,
year = {2006},
volume = {52},
pages = {2725--2748},
number = {6},
abstract = {The problem of time synchronization in dense wireless networks is
considered. Well-established synchronization techniques suffer from
an inherent scalability problem in that synchronization errors grow
with an increasing number of hops across the network. In this work,
a model for communication in wireless networks is first developed,
and then the model is used to define a new time synchronization mechanism.
A salient feature of the proposed method is that, in the regime of
asymptotically dense networks, it can average out all random errors
and maintain global synchronization in the sense that all nodes in
the multihop network can see identical timing signals. This is irrespective
of the distance separating any two nodes.},
citeulike-article-id = {2653829},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2006.874388},
keywords = {synchronization},
posted-at = {2008-04-11 13:44:29},
priority = {2},
xurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2006.874388}
}
@ARTICLE{kaltenberger09b,
author = {Florian Kaltenberger and Rizwan Ghaffar and Raymond Knopp and Hicham
Anouar and Christian Bonnet},
title = {OpenAirInterface---An Experimental Platform for Next Generation Wireless
Networks},
journal = {EURASIP Journal on Communications and Networking},
year = {2009},
note = {submitted},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2009.05.29}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{kaltenberger08a,
author = {F. Kaltenberger and M. Kountouris and L. S. Cardoso and R. Knopp
and D. Gesbert},
title = {Capacity of linear multi-user {MIMO} precoding schemes with measured
channel data},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Intl.\ Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless
Communications (SPAWC)},
year = {2008},
address = {Recife, Brazil},
month = jul,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2009.05.13}
}
@ARTICLE{kaltenberger09,
author = {F. Kaltenberger and M. Kountouris and D. Gesbert and R. Knopp},
title = {On the trade-off between feedback and capacity in measured {MU-MIMO}
channels},
journal = IEEE_J_WCOM,
year = {2009},
note = {in press},
comment = {sendora, chorist, newcom},
owner = {bell},
timestamp = {2008.12.15}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{kaltenberger08b,
author = {F. Kaltenberger and M. Kountouris and D. Gesbert and R. Knopp},
title = {Correlation and Capacity of Measured Multi-user {MIMO} Channels},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Intl.\ Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications (PIMRC)},
year = {2008},
address = {Cannes, France},
month = sep,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2009.05.13}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{kaltenberger08c,
author = {F. Kaltenberger and M. Kountouris and D. Gesbert and R. Knopp},
title = {Performance of Multi-user {MIMO} Precoding with Limited Feedback
over Measured Channels},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM 2008)},
year = {2008},
address = {New Orleans, USA},
month = nov,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2009.05.13}
}
@ARTICLE{Laneman2004a,
author = {Laneman, J.N. and Tse, D.N.C. and Wornell, G.W.},
title = {Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and
outage behavior},
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year = {2004},
volume = {50},
pages = {3062--3080},
number = {12},
month = dec,
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2004.838089},
owner = {kalti},
timestamp = {2007.04.03}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Medvedev,
author = {Medvedev, I. and Bjerke, B.A. and Walton, R. and Ketchum, J. and
Wallace, M. and Howard, S.},
title = {A Comparison of {MIMO} Receiver Structures for 802.11n {WLAN} - Performance
and Complexity},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and
Mobile Radio Communications},
year = {2006},
month = {Sept.},
abstract = {This paper compares the performance and complexity of various MIMO
receiver structures for 802.11n WLAN systems, including linear approaches
such as MMSE and ZF, and iterative detection and decoding using list
sphere decoding. Optimal beam steering with the low-complexity MMSE
receiver is shown to outperform the computationally-expensive list
sphere decoder receiver with an uninformed transmitter},
doi = {10.1109/PIMRC.2006.254135},
keywords = {MIMO systems, computational complexity, iterative decoding, least
mean squares methods, radio receivers, wireless LAN802.11n WLAN,
MIMO receiver structures, MMSE receiver, decoding, iterative detection,
optimal beam steering, sphere decoding}
}
@MISC{chorist_trials,
author = {{Members of CHORIST}},
title = {Field trials for a rapidly-deployable broadband ad hoc communications
system},
note = {in preparation},
journal = IEEE_M_COM,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2009.05.13}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{mercier08sendora,
author = {Bertrand Mercier and Viktoria Fodor and Ragnar Thobaben and Mikael
Skoglund and Visa Koivunen and Saska Lindfors and Jussi Ryyn\"anen
and Erik G. Larsson and Chiara Petrioli and Giancarlo Bongiovanni
and Ole Gr\o ndalen and Kimmo Kansanen and Geir E. \O ien and Torbj\"orn
Ekman and Aawatif M. Hayar and Raymond Knopp and Baltasar Beferull
Lozano},
title = {Sensor Networks for Cognitive Radio: Theory and System Design},
booktitle = {ICT Mobile Summit},
year = {2008},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = jun
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Muhammad2008,
author = {Muhammad, N.-u.-I. and Rasheed, R. and Pacalet, R. and Knopp, R.
and Khalfallah, K.},
title = {Flexible Baseband Architectures for Future Wireless Systems},
booktitle = {Proc. 11th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design Architectures,
Methods and Tools DSD '08},
year = {2008},
pages = {39--46},
doi = {10.1109/DSD.2008.87},
keywords = {mobile communication, radio access networks, radio spectrum management,
SDR applications, baseband prototype architecture, configurable processing
blocks, digital signal processing engine, flexible baseband architecture,
flexible hardware platform, future wireless systems, mobile communication
systems, protocol stacks, radio access technology, radio spectrum,
wireless communication frequency range, Baseband Processing, HW accelerators,
HW/SW Partitioning, Hardware Architecture, Open platforms for multistandard
support, SDR},
owner = {bell},
timestamp = {2009.05.24}
}
@ARTICLE{ochiai05collaborative,
author = {Ochiai, H. and Mitran, P. and Poor, H. V. and Tarokh, V. },
title = {Collaborative beamforming for distributed wireless ad hoc sensor
networks},
journal = IEEE_J_IT,
year = {2005},
volume = {53},
pages = {4110--4124},
number = {11},
month = nov,
abstract = {The performance of collaborative beamforming is analyzed using the
theory of random arrays. The statistical average and distribution
of the beampattern of randomly generated phased arrays is derived
in the framework of wireless ad hoc sensor networks. Each sensor
node is assumed to have a single isotropic antenna and nodes in the
cluster collaboratively transmit the signal such that the signal
in the target direction is coherently added in the far-field region.
It is shown that with N sensor nodes uniformly distributed over a
disk, the directivity can approach N, provided that the nodes are
located sparsely enough. The distribution of the maximum sidelobe
peak is also studied. With the application to ad hoc networks in
mind, two scenarios (closed-loop and open-loop) are considered. Associated
with these scenarios, the effects of phase jitter and location estimation
errors on the average beampattern are also analyzed.},
citeulike-article-id = {2653843},
doi = {10.1109/TSP.2005.857028},
keywords = {coopcom},
posted-at = {2008-04-11 13:49:12},
priority = {2},
xurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2005.857028}
}
@ARTICLE{Poor,
author = {Poor, H.V. and Verdu, S.},
title = {Probability of error in {MMSE} multiuser detection},
journal = IEEE_J_IT,
year = {1997},
volume = {43},
pages = {858--871},
number = {3},
month = may,
doi = {10.1109/18.568697},
issn = {0018-9448},
keywords = {Gaussian distribution, Gaussian noise, correlation methods, demodulation,
interference (signal), multi-access systems, signal detection, white
noiseGaussian distribution, MAI plus noise, MMSE detector, MMSE multiuser
detection, SNR, additive white Gaussian noise, asymptotic conditions,
decorrelating linear detector, demodulation, error probability, large
near-far ratios, large signal-to-noise ratio, linear multiuser detector,
maximum divergence, mean, minimum mean square error, multiple access
interference, nonorthogonal signaling, normalized crosscorrelations,
performance analysis, variance}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{pap:Realp06,
author = {Realp, M. and Perez-Neira, A.I. and Knopp, R.},
title = {Delay Bounds for Resource Allocation in Wideband Wireless Systems},
booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC '06)},
year = {2006},
volume = {10},
pages = {4385--4390},
month = jun,
abstract = {In this paper, the problem of resource allocation in multiuser single-antenna
wideband OFDM(A) systems is considered from a cross-layer point of
view. The main motivation is to show advantages of such systems with
respect to narrowband systems. Despite the maximum normalized average
throughput is not increased with respect to that in a narrowband
system, a more efficient use of resources is possible by considering
frequency as an additional resource to be allocated. It is shown
that when the bandwidth is considerably larger than the coherence
bandwidth of the channel and the channel is varying slowly with respect
to the scheduling period, average delay can significally be improved.
In that case, the average delay is only proportional to the scheduling
period and not to the channel coherence time (as it is the case in
narrowband systems). Furthermore, different reasource allocation
policies are analyzed to show average delay improvements when buffer
occupancy information is used.},
doi = {10.1109/ICC.2006.255328},
issn = {8164-9547}
}
@MISC{warp,
author = {{Rice University}},
title = {{WARP} Project: Wireless Open-Access Research Platform},
year = {2009},
citeulike-article-id = {2107238},
keywords = {emos},
owner = {kaltenbe},
priority = {2},
timestamp = {2009.04.27},
url = {http://warp.rice.edu}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Russell1995,
author = {Russell, M. and Stuber, G.L.},
title = {Interchannel interference analysis of {OFDM} in a mobile environment},
booktitle = {Proc. IEEE 45th Vehicular Technology Conference},
year = {1995},
volume = {2},
pages = {820--824},
doi = {10.1109/VETEC.1995.504982},
issn = {1090-3038},
keywords = {Gaussian processes, adjacent channel interference, digital communication,
digital television, diversity reception, fading, frequency division
multiplexing, high definition television, interference suppression,
land mobile radio, radiofrequency interference, random processes,
television broadcasting, television interference, time-varying channels,
trellis coded modulation, Doppler frequency, Gaussian random process,
HDTV, ICI, OFDM, antenna diversity, digital video broadcasting, error
floor, interchannel interference analysis, mobile environment, mobile
receivers, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, subchannel
orthogonality, trellis coding},
owner = {bell},
timestamp = {2009.05.24}
}
@ARTICLE{Sendonaris2003,
author = {Sendonaris, A. and Erkip, E. and Aazhang, B.},
title = {User cooperation diversity. Part {I} and {II}},
journal = IEEE_J_COM,
year = {2003},
volume = {51},
pages = {1972--1948},
number = {11},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1109/TCOMM.2003.819238},
owner = {kalti},
timestamp = {2007.04.03}
}
@ARTICLE{simeone08distributed,
author = {Simeone, O. and Spagnolini, U. and Bar-Ness, Y. and Strogatz, S.},
title = {Distributed synchronization in wireless networks},
journal = IEEE_M_SP,
year = {2008},
volume = {25},
pages = {81--97},
number = {5},
month = sep,
abstract = {This article has explored history, recent advances, and challenges
in distributed synchronization for distributed wireless systems.
It is focused on synchronization schemes based on exchange of signals
at the physical layer and corresponding baseband processing, wherein
analysis and design can be performed using known tools from signal
processing. Emphasis has also been given on the synergy between distributed
synchronization and distributed estimation/detection problems. Finally,
we have touched upon synchronization of nonperiodic (chaotic) signals.
Overall, we hope to have conveyed the relevance of the subject and
to have provided insight on the open issues and available analytical
tools that could inspire further research within the signal processing
community.},
doi = {10.1109/MSP.2008.926661},
issn = {1053-5888},
keywords = {radio networks, signal processing, synchronisationbaseband processing,
distributed detection, distributed estimation, distributed synchronization,
nonperiodic signal synchronization, signal exchange, wireless networks},
owner = {bell},
timestamp = {2009.05.24}
}
@ARTICLE{tabet07,
author = {Tabet, T. and Dusad, S. and Knopp, R.},
title = {Diversity-Multiplexing-Delay Tradeoff in Half-Duplex {ARQ} Relay
Channels},
journal = IEEE_J_IT,
year = {2007},
volume = {53},
pages = {3797--3805},
number = {10},
month = oct,
abstract = {In this correspondence, we present an efficient protocol for the delay-limited
fading ARQ single relay half-duplex channel. The source is using
an automatic retransmission request (ARQ) retransmission protocol
to send data to the relay and the destination. When the relay is
able to decode, both the relay and the source send the same data
to the destination providing additional gains. The proposed protocol
exploits two kinds of diversity: (1) space diversity available through
the cooperative (relay) terminal, which retransmits the source's
signals and (2) ARQ diversity obtained by leveraging the retransmission
delay to enhance the reliability. The performance characterization
is in terms of the achievable diversity, multiplexing gain and delay
tradeoff for a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Finally,
we show the benefits of power control on the diversity by controlling
the source's power level over the retransmission rounds.},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2007.905001},
issn = {0018-9448},
keywords = {automatic repeat request, channel coding, delays, diversity reception,
fading channels, multiplexing, protocolsautomatic retransmission
request protocol, diversity-multiplexing-delay tradeoff, half-duplex
ARQ relay channel, power control, signal-to-noise ratio}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{tyrell06fireflies,
author = {Alexander Tyrrell and Gunther Auer and Christian Bettstetter},
title = {Fireflies as role models for synchronization in ad hoc networks},
booktitle = {Proc.\ Bio inspired models of network, information and computing
systems (BIONETICS '06) },
year = {2006},
address = {Cavalese, Italy},
isbn = {1-4244-0463-0},
xurl = {http://doi.acm.org.gate6.inist.fr/10.1145/1315843.1315848}
}
@MISC{gnuradio,
title = {{GNU} Radio---The {GNU} Software Radio},
year = {2009},
citeulike-article-id = {2107238},
keywords = {emos},
owner = {kaltenbe},
priority = {2},
timestamp = {2009.04.27},
url = {http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio}
}
@@ -1,616 +0,0 @@
%\documentclass[letterpaper,conference]{IEEEtran}
\documentclass[a4paper,twocolumn,journal]{IEEEtran}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsmath}
\usepackage{epsfig,graphicx,color}
%\usepackage{subfigure}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{citesort}
% Example definitions.
% --------------------
\input ftw_macros.tex
\IEEEoverridecommandlockouts
\sloppy
%\addtolength{\textheight}{1.5cm}
\begin{document}
% Title.
% ------
\title{OpenAirInterface---An Experimental Platform for Next Generation Wireless Networks\thanks{Eurecom's Research is supported in part by its industrial partners: Swisscom, Thales, SFR, Orange France, Hitachi Europe, STMicroelectronics, Bouygues Telecom, Sharp, Cisco, BMW Group. This work is also funded in part by the European Commission through project CHORIST (ICT/FP6), the French National Research Agency (ANR) through projects AIRNET and HNPS, and by the Wiener Wissenschafts-, Forschungs-und Technologiefonds (WWTF) through the project PUCCO. Parts of this work were presented at the COST2100 Workshop on MIMO and Cooperative Communications, June 2008, Trondheim, Norway.}}
% author names and affiliations
% use a multiple column layout for up to three different
% affiliations
\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Florian Kaltenberger, Rizwan Ghaffar, Raymond Knopp, Hicham Anouar, Christian Bonnet}\\
\IEEEauthorblockA{Eurecom \\
2229, Route des Cretes - B.P. 193\\
06904 Sophia Antipolis, France\\
Email (corresponding author): florian.kaltenberger@eurecom.fr}
}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
OpenAirInterface is an experimental open-source real-time hardware and software platform for experimentation in wireless communications and signal processing. Its current implementation provides a full software modem comprising physical and link layer functionalities for cellular and mesh network topologies.
The physical (PHY) layer of the platform targets WiMAX and UMTS LTE like networks and thus uses MIMO-OFDMA as modulation and multiple access technique. The current hardware supports 5\,MHz bandwidth and two transmit/receive antennas. The media access (MAC) layer of the platform supports an abundant two-way signaling for enabling collaboration, scheduling protocols as well as traffic and channel measurements.
%In order to maximize the system throughput, future wireless communication systems will employ a very tight frequency reuse. This causes scenarios with very high interference, expecially at the cell edges. The key ingredient to such networks are thus receiver structures that are able to deal with this interference.
In this paper we focus on the mesh topology and show how to implement a single-frequency fully-synchronized mesh network with OpenAirInterface. The key ingredient to enable such a network is a distributed MIMO receiver structure and a distributed network synchronization algorithm. We show how the distributed MIMO receiver is implemented in real-time on the OpenAirInterface platform. Further we provide results from field trails and compare them to the simulation results.
% In wirelss mesh networks nodes may cooperate to relay their information more efficiently to the destination. Such cooperative communication strategies however require tight interaction between physical, link and network layers.
% The platform is designed for a full software-radio implementation, in the sense that all protocol layers run on the host PCs under the control of a Linux real time operation system.
% Applications of the OpenAirMesh platform include demonstration of broadband ad hoc communications systems for public safety units as well as demonstration of collaborative communication in a cognitive radio system. In addition to the basic architecture of OpenAirMesh we will describe some field trials that were carried out in Barcelona, Spain.
\end{abstract}
%\tableofcontents
% activate the control type entry
%\bstctlcite{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol}
\section{Introduction}
% Motivation and contribution
The design and implementation of next generation wireless networks is a very challenging task. To ensure optimal performance it is necessary to carry out performance evaluations and field trials in parallel to standard development. Easily reconfigurable testbeds are a convenient way to investigate new ideas and to tackle many problems at an early development stage. This paper presents the Eurecom testbed OpenAirInterface, which is an experimental real-time, open-source hardware and software platform for future wireless networks. OpenAirInterface can be seen as a mock standard for realistic experimentation purposes which retains the salient features of a real radio system, without all the required mechanisms one would find in a standard used in deployment of commercial networks.
Apart from a general overview of OpenAirInterface, we report how it can be used to study some major challenges in future wireless networks. One such challenge is interference which is caused by a very tight frequency reuse in order to increase the network throughput. Interference is especially strong for users at the cell edge severely limiting the user's throughput.
Most state-of-the-art wireless systems deal with the interference either by orthogonalizing the communication links in time or frequency \cite{Gesbert07adaption} or by allowing the communication links to share the same degrees of freedom but modeling the interference as additive Gaussian random process \cite{Russell1995}. Both of these approaches may be suboptimal as the first approach entails an \textit{a priori} loss of degrees of freedom in both links, no matter how weak the potential interference is while the second approach treats interference as pure noise while it actually carries information and has structure that can be potentially exploited in mitigating its effect.
In \cite{ghaffar08b,ghaffar08c} a receiver structures that exploit the structure of the interference have been proposed. It was shown that exploiting the fact that the interference comes from a finite constellation alphabet, the information rate of the desired stream can be increased by up to one bit/sec/Hz. The same authors also derive a low-complexity max-log MAP receiver for these scenarios \cite{ghaffar09a}. In this paper we apply this kind of receiver to a distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scenario, where one receiver is able to decode independent data streams from two different sources.
Another big challenge in future wireless networks is synchronization between nodes, especially indoors where a reference timing signal such as provided by the global positioning system (GPS) cannot be used. Synchronization is needed for example for the distributed MIMO receiver and to enable collaborative between base-stations both on the media access (MAC) and the physical (PHY) layer.
In nature, distributed synchronization scheme can be observed on the flashing of fireflies \cite{Buck1976}. Recently, this nature-inspired scheme has been applied to synchronization in wireless networks \cite{simeone08distributed,tyrell06fireflies,hong05scalable,hu06scalability}. However, most of these works consider the isolated synchronization problem and neglecting the actual data communication. The pulse-coupled oscillator model (the model inspired by firefly synchronization) assumes that nodes have to be listening to all other nodes except during its own transmission of the synchronization pulse and immediately afterwards (refractory period). Therefore data transmission can only take place in the refractory period. However, this period must not be very long because otherwise the system becomes unstable \cite{hong05scalable}.
In this paper we describe a more simple distributed time synchronization method and its implementation on the OpenAirInterface platform. It uses one node (the primary clusterhead) as a reference time clock. Nodes within the broadcast domain of the primary CH relay the synchronization signal, allowing other nodes to synchronize to the network.
% idea: synch pulses are only tranmitted every x frames. However, timing drift might be too large between x frames -> simulate tradeoff
% another idea: synchronization is divided betweeen CH and MR. Both MR and CH transmit data after the pulse. The refractory period is appended after the TTI frame (this is when the pulse from the other part (MR or CH) is received).
% two examples: LTE-A and Mesh networks for civil protection
Synchronization and interference cancellation receivers can be readily applied to existing and future wireless networks. For example, in LTE-Advanced it is foreseen that many small base stations (so called femto base stations) are added to the network. These base stations might use the same frequency band as the macro cells, forming an overlay network. These femto base stations might also employ cooperative communications, i.e., a user might be connected to more than one femto base station or to a macro base station and a femto base station at the same time. Since femto base stations are usually employed indoors, they can only be synchronized by over the air communication.
%Since these femto base stations might use an ADSL connection or even a wireless link to connect to the operators backbone network, no real-time signaling between them is possible.
% example 2
Another example where synchronization and interference cancellation is useful is a wireless mesh network (WMN). A WMN consist of a set of nodes, where each node operates not only as a host but also as a router, forwarding packets on behalf of other nodes that may not be within direct wireless transmission range of their destinations. A WMN is dynamically self-organized and self-configured, with the nodes in the network automatically establishing and maintaining mesh connectivity among themselves (creating, in effect, an ad hoc network) \cite{akyildiz05wireless}. WMNs can be used as rapidly-deployable broadband ad hoc communications systems for public safety units in interventions following natural hazards and industrial accidents. Such public safety units require a reliable communication broadband system and services that do not need heavy management operations involvement in order to allow them to increase their efficiency during their critical interventions.
%Here the elements of the mesh network are routers, some of which are edge routers in the sense that they are gateways to other networks (WIFI, bluetooth, etc.). These are some of the application scenarios considered in the CHORIST FP6 project (www.chorist.eu) and future HNPS Celtic project.
% WMNs can use cooperative transmission to greatly increase power efficiency, reliability and throughput. Such techniques refer to scenarios where one or more relay nodes are used to perform some type of distributed spatial processing technique, such as space-time coding \cite{Laneman2004a,Sendonaris2003} or distributed Hybrid-Automatic-Repeat-Request (HARQ) protocols \cite{azarian05,tabet07}.
\paragraph*{Organization}
Section \ref{sec:overview} gives an overview of the OpenAirInterface experimental platform. Section \ref{sec:architecture} presents the network, the link layer and the physical layer architecture of OpenAirMesh---a mesh network built using the OpenAirInterface. Section \ref{sec:ic} describes a novel low-complexity dual-stream receiver architecture used in OpenAirMesh. Finally we give show results from computer simulations as well as real experiments in Section \ref{sec:exp}. We conclude the paper in Section \ref{sec:con}.
\paragraph*{Notation}
Let $\mathbb{C}$ denote the set of complex numbers. Scalars are denoted by $x$. Column vectors and matrices are denoted by $\Vec{a}$ and $\Mat{A}$ and their elements are denoted by $a_i$ and $A_{i,j}$ respectively. Transpose and Hermitian transpose are denoted by $\cdot^T$ and $\cdot^H$. $\Mat{I}_M$ is the identity matrix of size $M$ and $\Vec{0}_M$ is an $M$-dimensional vector of zeros. The Euclidean ($\ell_2$) norm of a vector $\Vec{a}$ is denoted by $\|\Vec{a}\|$ and the Frobenius norm of a matrix $\Mat{A}$ is denoted by $\|\Mat{A}\|_F$. $\mathbb{E}$ denotes expectation, and $\mathcal{CN}(\Vec{m},\Mat{C})$ denotes a multivariate proper complex normal distribution with mean vector $\Vec{m}$ and covariance matrix $\Mat{C}$.
\section{OpenAirInterface Overview}
\label{sec:overview}
The OpenAirInterface platform consists of both hardware and the software components. Additionally it comprises different simulation tools as well as collaborative web tools. The hardware components are described in subsection \ref{sec:hard}. In subsection \ref{sec:soft} we describe the basic organization of the OpenAirInterface software components (which are available under the GNU GPL from the OpenAirInterface website\footnote{\url{http://www.openairinterface.org}}). Finally we describe some related platform activities in Section \ref{sec:related}.
\subsection{Hardware Components}
\label{sec:hard}
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5cm]{./figures/cbmimo.eps}
\includegraphics[height=5cm]{./figures/expressMIMO.eps}
\caption{CBMIMO1 and Express MIMO boards}
\label{fig:hardware}
\end{figure*}
In OpenAirInterface there are two different hardware modules available: CardBus MIMO 1 (CBMIMO1) and it successor Express MIMO (cf.\ Figure \ref{fig:hardware}). All current activities (including the experiments described in this paper) are based on CBMIMO1. The Express MIMO hardware is already available and will be ready to use by the end of 2009. In the following we will describe the main characteristics of the two boards.
The CBMIMO1 board comprises two time-division duplex (TDD) radio frequency (RF) chains operating at 1.900-1.920 GHz with 5 MHz channels and 21dBM transmit power per antenna for an orthogonal frequency division modulated (OFDM) waveform\footnote{EURECOM has a frequency allocation for experimentation around its premises in Sophia Antipolis.}. As the name suggests in communicates with a host PC over the CardBus/PCMCIA interface. The cards house a medium-scale field programmable gate array (FPGA) (Xilinx X2CV3000) which makes use of the open-source LEON3 embedded processor from Geisler research. In the current version, the FPGA is mainly responsible for interfacing with with RF frontend as well as framing of the transmit and receive signals. All the PHY layer signal processing is usually run in real-time on the host PC under the control of the real-time application interface (RTAI), which is an extension to the Linux operating system.
Express MIMO is a baseband processing board only providing significantly more processing power and bandwidth than CBMIMO1. It comprises two FPGAs: one Xilinx XC5VLX330 for real-time embedded signal processing applications and one Xilinx XC5VLX110T for control. Further employs for high-speed A/D and D/A converters from Analog Devices proving sampling rates up to 30.72 MHz (see \cite{Muhammad2008} for more details). A RF board for Express MIMO called Agile RF is also available. It offers significantly more RF functionality in terms tuning range and channel bandwidth than CBMIMO1. The tuning range per RF chain is 180MHz-8GHz with 20MHz channels. In addition, frequency division duplex (FDD) communication will also be possible.
\subsection{Software Components}
\label{sec:soft}
The software components are organized into four areas (folders), which correspond more or less to the different layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The areas also correspond to the directory structure on the OpenAirInterface Subversion (SVN) server.
\paragraph{openair0: Wireless Embedded System Design}
This folder mainly contains descriptions of the CBMIMO1 and Express MIMO hardware and the firmware for the corresponding FPGAs.
\paragraph{openair1: Baseband signal processing}
This folder contains the code for the physical layer software modem along with RTAI/Linux device drivers and user-space tools to control the hardware.
It also contains simulation environments and channel models to test the code without the hardware or to do performance simulations. Further, openair0 provides also the functionality for the Eurecom MIMO OpenAir Sounder (EMOS) to perform MIMO channel measurements over multiple users \cite{kaltenberger09}.
\paragraph{openair2: Medium-Access Protocols}
This folder contains the layer 2 protocol stack development for PCs along with Linux networking device drivers for Internet Protocol (IP) and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) interconnection. This pertains to both cellular and mesh network topologies. The folder also contains an abstraction of the PHY layer, providing an efficient emulation platform for layer 2 and higher algorithms.
\paragraph{openair3: Wireless Networking}
This contains the layer 3 protocol stack development for both all-IP cellular and IP/MPLS mesh networks.
%\paragraph{Simulation Environments}
%\subsection{Collaborative Web Tools}
\subsection{Related Work}
\label{sec:related}
Testbeds for digital radio communications have become very popular, since they provide an effective mean to validate new ideas in an early development stage. Several testbeds with similar aims to OpenAirInterface exist, but only a few of them are open-source. Two such open-source platforms are the GNU radio project \cite{gnuradio} together with the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) from Ettus Research \cite{ettus} and the wireless open-access research platform (WARP) from Rice University \cite{warp}.
\subsubsection{GNU Radio}
The GNU radio is a collection of open-source libraries for all common software radio needs, including various modulations (GMSK, PSK, QAM, OFDM, etc.), error-correcting codes (Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, Turbo Codes), signal processing constructs (optimized filters, FFTs, equalizers, timing recovery), and scheduling. It allows applications to be developed in C++ or Python. The GNU software is easily configured with the USRP from Ettus Research, which consists of an FPGA, four AD/DA converters and slots for daughterboards for various RF frontends. The USRP is responsible only for data acquisition and transmission and the samples are transferred to and from the PC over USB or Gigabit Ethernet.
Compared to the OpenAirInterface platform, the GNU radio project does not provide a full reference design, but only building blocks. Further, a MAC layer implementation is missing in the current distribution. Also the USRP hardware has its limitations, mainly due to the connection to the PC over USB or Ethernet, which severely limits the achievable system throughput.
\subsubsection{WARP}
The WARP platform consists of open-source hardware as well as software. The hardware comprises a motherboard with an FPGA that is responsible for the baseband processing. The motherboard can be extended with other processing boards and/or RF boards. The software library consists of platform support packages (low-level, PowerPC, and peripherals support), building blocks (synchronization, (de-)modulation, channel (de-)coding, ...) and reference designs (for example an OFDM MIMO transceiver and a simple MAC layer).
Like the OpenAirInterface, WARP is also a full software defined radio (SDR), but physical layer algorithms have to be developed either directly in VHDL or using the Xilinx System Generator toolchain for Matlab. Compared to the OpenAirInterface, this approach requires a steep learning curve and is very time consuming. Also, the Xilinx System Generator is not openly available.
\section{OpenAirMesh Architecture}
\label{sec:architecture}
In this section we present the specification and the implementation of OpenAirMesh---a mesh network built using the OpenAirInterface \cite{anouar08}. We start off by describing the network topology in Subsection \ref{sec:topology}. In Subsection \ref{sec:mac} we describe the layer 2 and finally in Subsection \ref{sec:phy} the physical layer. The last Subsection also contains a description of the network synchronization algorithm used in OpenAirMesh.
\subsection{Network Topology}
\label{sec:topology}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/5nodes}
\caption{The mesh network topology is organized in clusters. Each cluster is controlled by a cluster head (CH). Other nodes in the network are called mesh routers (MR) since they can be used to relay information between CHs.}
\label{fig:mesh_topology}
\end{figure*}
In OpenAirMesh, the network is organized in clusters, where dynamically-allocated cluster-heads (CHs) manage radio resources. CHs are typically the best-connected nodes in a particular geographical area and are synchronized in a distributed fashion by using mesh routers (MRs) on the cluster boundaries. An example of a mesh architecture with 5 nodes is show in Figure \ref{fig:mesh_topology}.
%Isolated Node (IN) and Edge Router (ER). Each node in the topology will assume one of these roles at a given time instant depending on different parameters, namely geographic position, traffic distribution, presence of other access technologies and propagation-related effects which impact connectivity. %It may assume the role of ER in addition to one of the other roles. We now describe in more detail each of these roles.
\subsubsection{Cluster Head}
The primary role of the CH is to manage radio resources in their cluster, much as a base-station would in a cellular network. The cluster is defined as the set of nodes which are characterized by one-hop connectivity with the CH.
%One-hop connectivity is further defined as the capacity to reliably receive and transmit basic signaling channels with the CH using at least the lowest data-rate communication mode. Reliable communication is defined by a transmission which falls below a maximal error probability threshold.
CH can only be connected to MR on the same frequency-carrier since they use the same temporal resources as other CH. Thus direct CH $\leftrightarrow$ CH communication is not possible on the same frequency carrier. The downlink (CH $\rightarrow$ MR) signaling channels allow for the CH to schedule transmission of labels (in the form of time and frequency mappings on the radio resource) which each carry different types of traffic throughout the mesh network according to pre-defined quality-of-service (QoS) descriptors. The Uplink (UL) signaling channels (MR $\rightarrow$ CH) are used for relaying bandwidth requirement indicators and channel quality measurements from nodes within the cluster. These feed the scheduling algorithms residing in the CH and allow for proper resource allocation satisfying QoS negotiations carried out using Layer 3 (L3) signaling. The latter are beyond the scope of the description in this paper.
\subsubsection{Mesh Router}
The primary role of an MR is to interpret the scheduling information from the CH on the downlink (DL) signaling channels in order to route the traffic corresponding to the scheduled labels on the allocated physical resources. MR can be connected to other MR (direct link) in the same cluster. MR can also be connected to more than one cluster at the same time. Since all clusters operate in the same frequency band MR must be able to cancel interference. See Section \ref{sec:ic} for details.
%It is also expected to using the UL signaling channels to relay measurements (both traffic and radio signal) to the CH with which it is connected.
\subsection{Layer 2 Protocol Stack}
\label{sec:mac}
The OpenAirMesh Layer 2 protocol stack comprises:
\begin{itemize}
\item A IP/MPLS networking device (non-access stratum (NAS) driver) responsible for provision of IP/MPLS layer services to Layer 2 and vice-versa
\item A Radio resource control (RRC) entity responsible for MAC layer signaling for configuration of logical channels and retrieval of measurement information.
\item A Radio Link Control (RLC) entity which is responsible for hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocols and IP packet segmentation
\item A convergence protocol (PDCP) responsible for IP interface and related functions (header compression, ciphering, etc.)
\item A scheduling and multiplexing unit to control the media access (MAC).
\end{itemize}
An overview of the layer 2 protocol stack for a CH is shown in Figure \ref{fig:Layer2_stack} and a subset of these entities are described in the following subsections.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/layer2_stack}
\caption{OpenAirMesh CH Layer 2 Protocol Stack}
\label{fig:Layer2_stack}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{Radio Resource Control (RRC)}
The radio resource control entity is responsible for the L2 signaling implementing the radio bearer establishment and maintenance through the control of measurement procedures. Its internal state machine controls the basic procedures for startup, monitoring of synchronization through the measurement system and update of the node's role in the network. RRC is responsible for configuration of all layer 2 entities (and PHY via MAC), both dynamic (during flow establishment) and static (control channels). This functionality is in response to events occurring in the interaction with L3 and based on dynamic measurements of radio quality and traffic intensity.
% Two types of low-layer measurements are available to RRC. The first corresponds to measurements of an established radio bearer, which is used to monitor the quality of a link. The available measurements for CH RRC(L2) are:
% \begin{enumerate}
% \item RSSI (dBm) on physical resources corresponding to logical channel.
% \item Average SINR (dB) on physical resources corresponding to logical channel.
% \item Average number of transmission rounds on transport channel associated with logical channel.
% \item Average residual block error rate on transport channel associated with logical channel (after HARQ).
% \item Actual Spectral efficiency of transport channel associated with logical channel.
% \end{enumerate}
\subsubsection{Radio Link Control (RLC)}
The RLC segments IP packets. The segment size is configurable for each QoS class and is signaled by higher layers during route establishment. The sizes are chosen based on the granularity of the underlying MAC/PHY resources (transport blocks). RLC is responsible for ARQ and indexing of service data units (SDUs) from the user traffic and signaling SDUs from RRC. The SDU inputs from PDCP form the set of radio bearers, and those from RRC the set of signaling radio bearers. It has three modes of functionality: acknowledged (AM), unacknowledged (UM) and transparent (TM). Each logical channel in AM has an associated selective-repeat ARQ process which is managed by RLC which is meant to provide a third level of error recovery with respect to the FEC offered by PHY and HARQ by MAC. The ARQ mechanisms are based on Release 6 3GPP RLC (25.322) specifications. The interface with RRC serves for the configuration of the radio bearer. The interface with MAC is designed such that data for each logical channel is buffered in data queues, whose occupancy can be measured by the MAC scheduling entity.
\subsubsection{MAC Scheduling Entity (MAC)}
The MAC layer scheduling and multiplexing entity is responsible for scheduling control plane and user plane traffic on the physical OFDMA resources. On transmission, the inputs to this entity are connected to data queues originating in the RLC layer which form the set of logical channels. The control plane traffic is represented by the following logical channels:
\begin {itemize}
\item Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): This resource is a low bit-rate control channel used by a CH for broadcasting basic information to nodes in the cluster.
\item Common Control Channel (CCCH): This resource is a low bit-rate control channel used both during the attachment or association phase of a new node.
\item Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): This is a resource used to relay access-layer signaling information (RLC return channels, RF measurement reporting, traffic measurement reporting, power control, etc.) to the corresponding node.
\end{itemize}
The user plane traffic is represented by the following logical channel:
\begin {itemize}
\item Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): This resource is a variable bit-rate traffic channel with negotiated QoS parameters used by the mesh network to transport data traffic corresponding to a particular flow.
\end {itemize}
It is important to note that although dedicated resources are configured at the input of the MAC layer, the physical resources allocated in the scheduling entities (with exception of the CHBCH) are dynamically allocated every CH transmission time interval (TTI) and thus all physical resources are shared. The BCCH is multiplexed in the scheduling entity responsible for generation of the CH-BCH transport channel along with MAC-layer signaling. MAC signaling concerns both allocations of CH-SACH in the current frame and MR-SACH in the next frame (uplink, downlink and direct link map of PHY resources). The CCCH (uplink) is used exclusively during the attachment phase of the MR with a particular cluster and corresponds to the only random-access resources allocated by the CH in the frame.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/sched}
\caption{Overview of the MAC Scheduler}
\label{fig:scheduling}
\end{figure}
The DCCHs are multiplexed along with user-plane traffic DTCHs on the available CH-SACH resources. Based on measurement and feedback information, SACH scheduling (see Figure \ref{fig:scheduling}) aims to respect the negotiated QoS of each logical channel, while maximizing the aggregate spectral efficiency of the data streams. Different wideband scheduling policies taking into account both queuing measures from RLC and channel quality feedback can be accommodated (see for instance \cite{pap:Realp06}). Channel quality information is signaled between corresponding MAC-layers based quantized wideband channel estimates received from PHY.
As a general rule, DCCH and CCCH do not use HARQ, since they are signaling channels which use the lowest spectral efficiency modulation. DTCH generally uses HARQ with a maximum number of retransmission rounds determined by higher layer configuration (i.e., the delay class in the QoS requirement). SACH scheduling makes use of up to 16 parallel HARQ Type-2 processes per logical channel in order to maximize throughput and benefit from superior channel conditions.
%The MAC entity is responsible for scheduling control plane and user-plane traffic on the physical OFDMA resources. On transmission, the inputs to this entity are connected to data queues originating in the RLC layer which form the set of logical channels. The control plane traffic is represented by logical channels which form the interface with the RLC. Logical channels contain both user-plane (originating in the IP/MPLS entity via the PDCP entity) and control-plane traffic (originating in the RRC entity). MAC layer specifications are found in Cellular MAC Layer (MAC) Specifications. The MAC is responsible the transport channel interface which exchange data (MAC SDUs) and PHY measurement data for RRC measurement procedures.
\subsection{Physical Layer}
\label{sec:phy}
The physical layer of the platform targets WiMax and UMTS LTE like networks and thus uses multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiple access (MIMO-OFDMA) as modulation and multiple access technique. The actual parameters and mechanisms can be configured prior to deployment of the equipment or potentially over-the-air, although the latter is not yet supported by any of the OpenAir MAC implementations.
The MIMO-OFDMA system provides the means for transmitting several multiple-bitrate streams (multiplexed over sub-carriers and antennas) in parallel. Moreover, PHY signaling strategies are included to provide the means for exploiting channel state feedback at the transmitters in order to allow for advanced PHY allocation of OFDMA resources via the MAC.
This section describes the physical and transport channels, the framing and channel multiplexing, the coding and modulation scheme, as well as the synchronization procedure.
\subsubsection{Physical and Transport Channels}
OpenAirMesh uses a layering architecture which strongly resembles that of an ETSI standard, in the sense that data and control traffic flows use radio bearers, logical, transport and physical channels. Here we are concerned primarily with the MAC and PHY layer description, and thus the transport channel interface. This encompasses the control and user plane interfaces between the MAC and PHY layers and is composed of the following entities
\begin{itemize}
\item The {\bf CH broadcast channel (CH-BCH)} is a broadcast control channel which houses MAC-layer signaling for CH and MR physical resource scheduling as well as layer 2 radio-resource control (RRC) signaling for topology and QoS management.
\item The {\bf CH Scheduled-Access Channel (CH-SACH)} is a data channel (for both control and user-plane logical channels) used by CH to communicate with a node in its cluster. It can be configured as a multicast flow or as a unicast flow with an associated MR-SACH in the reverse direction originating in the corresponding node.
\item The {\bf MR broadcast channel (MR-BCH)} is a broadcast resource used by MR to extend the coverage of a cluster during topological discovery.
\item The {\bf MR Scheduled-Access Channel (MR-SACH)} is a data channel (for both control and user-plane logical channels) used by MR to communicate with a node in one of the clusters with which the MR is associated. It can be configured as a multicast flow or as a unicast flow with an associated MR-SACH or CH-SACH in the reverse direction originating the corresponding node. It uses the physical resources allocated by the CH in the CHBCH and is always bundled with an MR-SACCH.
\item The {\bf MR Scheduled-Access Control Channel (MR-SACCH)} is a MAC-layer signaling channel associate to a particular MR/CH-SACH used to provide PHY modulation formats for the corresponding MR-SACH in the current TTI as well as feedback information for the HARQ processes and channel quality indicators for the corresponding pair MR-SACH/CH-SACH in the reverse direction.
\item The {\bf Random-Access Channel (RACH)} is a signaling channel used by a MR during the association phase with the CH.
\end{itemize}
Each of the transport channels is mapped to a corresponding physical channel of the same name. In addition, two other physical channels used for parameter estimation are also available:
\begin{itemize}
\item The {\bf Physical CH Synchronization Channel (CHSCH)} is a pilot resource reserved to a CH which is responsible for delivering synchronization information to nodes in the cluster. This channel is used by nodes to acquire timing information regarding the beginning of the TTI and to perform initial frequency offset adjustments with respect to the carrier frequency of the CH. The channel is also used by adjacent CHs to synchronize the network, in order to facilitate inter-cluster communication under quality-of-service guarantees.
\item The {\bf Physical Synchronization Channel (SCH)} is a pilot resource used by a node to allow the CH to estimate the channel of an MR/UE.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{Framing and Channel Multiplexing}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/mesh_frame}
\caption{Mesh frame structure}
\label{fig:frame_structure}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
Sampling rate & 7.68 Msamp/s \\
Symbol (DFT/IDFT) size & 256 samples \\
Prefix length & 64 samples (8.33$\mu$s) \\
Useful carriers & 160 \\
Number of subbands (chunks) & 16 \\
Data carriers per subband & 8 \\
Pilots per subband & 2 \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Nominal OFDMA Parameters in OpenAirMesh \label{tab:framing}}
\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{table}
The physical resources are organized in frames of OFDM symbols. OpenAirMesh framing is completely configurable, but the nominal OFDMA configuration is shown in Table \ref{tab:framing}. One frame consists of 64 OFDM symbols and is divided in a CH transmission time interval (TTI) and a MR TTI (see Figure \ref{fig:frame_structure}). The first four symbols of the CH TTI are reserved for pilot symbols. Each CH transmits one common pilot symbol (CHSCH$_0$) at position 0 and one dedicated pilot symbol (CHSCH$_i$) at position $i \in \{1,2,3\}$. This way we can ensure orthogonality between the pilots of different CH received at one MR. The pilot symbols are followed by the broadcast channel (CH-BCH). The rest of the CH TTI frame is reserved for the multiplexed scheduled access channels (CH-SACH).
The MR TTI contains the random access channel (MR-RACH) with an associated pilot symbol (SCH$_0$). The next two symbols are reserved for pilots. Each MR transmits a pilot symbol SCH$_i$, $i \in \{1,2\}$ corresponding to the cluster it belongs to. This way we can ensure orthogonality between the pilots of different CHs.
%[why do we need this? on the uplink the pilots do not interfeer, do they?].
The pilot symbols are followed by the uplink broadcast channel (MR-BCH) with an associated pilot symbol (MRSCH). The rest of the uplink frame contains the multiplexed scheduled access channels (MR-SACH). The end of the CH and MR TTIs are protected by a guard interval of two symbols. All pilots are designed for MIMO and/or Multiuser channel estimation at the corresponding end.
\subsubsection{Coding and Modulation}
\label{sec:coding}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=.5]{figures/openair_coding}
\caption{OpenAirMesh Coded Modulation and HARQ}
\label{fig:coding}
\end{figure*}
OpenAirMesh makes use of punctured binary codes (64-state rate 1/2 convolutional or 8-state rate 1/3 3GPP/LTE Turbo code). Puncturing can use either 3GPP rate matching or random puncturing in order to fine tune the coding rate to adapt to configurable transport block sizes delivered to PHY by the MAC. The overall coding sub-system is shown in Figure \ref{fig:coding}. New transport blocks arriving from the MAC layer (based on multi-user scheduling) are coded using a CRC extension and the chosen binary code. These are then fed to the active transport block buffer along with those that are to be retransmitted. Each transmitted block is punctured and then passed to a bit-interleaver and modulation mapper (BICM). OpenAirMesh supports QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation although currently only QPSK is used. The transmitted transport blocks can be split into to two spatial streams in the case of point-to-point MIMO transmission.
The modulated symbols are then multiplied by an adjustable amplitude and passed to the space-time-frequency (STF) parser. The STF parser multiplexes the pilot symbols and the data symbols into OFDM symbols, taking into account the sub-band allocation from the scheduler. In the case of one available spatial stream the STF parser also performs fast antenna cycling, i.e., every subcarrier is transmitted from a different antenna. This way each stream sees all the degrees of freedom of the channel. In the case of two spatial streams the STF parser guarantees that both streams use different antennas in the same time/frequency dimension. This is a form of superposition coding since the two streams are combined additively in the air through the use of multiple transmit antennas.
This design allows to use the same transmitter and receiver structure both for point-to-point MIMO as well as distributed MIMO transmission. In the latter case one spatial stream is used at each source and the second stream originates in another part of the network, either in the same cluster or an adjacent cluster. A particular user can decode both streams or simply select the one it requires. In Section \ref{sec:ic} we derive a low-complexity successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver for this design.
\subsubsection{Network Synchronization Procedure}
\label{sec:sync}
The OpenAirMesh network supports full time synchronization. Synchronization is achieved by declaring one CH to be the primary CH, which is the reference clock in the system. Every MR within this cluster synchronizes to the CH using the CHSCH. The MRs then collaborate as a distributed array by sending out a synchronization signal themselves (the MRSCH) to allow a secondary CH (not within the broadcast domain of the primary CH) to synchronize to the network. As soon as a secondary CH is synchronized to the network, it also sends out a CHSCH, allowing further MRs to synchronize, and so on. This type of distributed synchronization can be interpreted as a form of {\em firefly synchronization} \cite{tyrell06fireflies,hu06scalability}. However, it is not completely distributed because it requires the presence of a reference clock in the system.
% We now sum up the initial synchronization procedure during network establishment. When a node is turned on, it first looks for a CHSCH$_i$ $i=1,2,3$ and tries to decode the corresponding CHBCH. If successful it declares itself synchronized to CHSCH and becomes a MR. Otherwise it looks for a MRSCH and tries to decode MRBCH. If successful, it declares itself synchronized to MRSCH and becomes a secondary CH. Otherwise it becomes a primary CH.
% \subsubsection{Channel Estimation}
%
% Explain the pilot structure and how we obtain channel estimates from both clusters.
\section{Dual-stream Interference Cancellation Receiver Architecture}
\label{sec:ic}
The key ingredient for allowing spatial reuse one in wireless networks is interference mitigation. In the mesh architecture described in the previous section, MRs that are between two CHs must be able to communicate concurrently with both CHs (one stream for each CH on transmit and receive) on the same time-frequency resources since the scheduling between clusters is not coordinated. In this section we describe two different dual-stream multi-antenna receiver structures that can be used for this purpose, namely an MMSE receiver (see Subsection \ref{sec:MMSE}) and an approximate ML receiver (see Subsection \ref{sec:ML}) \cite{ghaffar08b,ghaffar08c}. The derivations are based on the signal model presented in Subsection \ref{sec:signal_model}. Both receivers were first implemented in Matlab and later on the OpenAirInterface platform. In the next Section we then show performance comparisons of both implementations in a synthetic simulation environment as well as from a real-time over-the-air lab test.
\subsection{Signal Model}
\label{sec:signal_model}
Consider the scenario depicted in Fig.\ \ref{fig:mesh_topology} with two clusterheads but only one MR (MR2). We assume that each CH has $n_{t}$ antennas and MR2 has $n_{r}$ antennas. Let $\textbf{x}^{(j)}_{m,q}$ denote $n_{t} \times 1$ vector of the transmit symbols for subcarrier $q$ of OFDM symbol $m$ of CH $j,~j=1,2$. We assume that the transmit symbols are taken from a signal set $\chi_{j}\subseteq\mathbb{C}$ of size $\left|\chi_{j}\right|=M_{j}$ with a Gray labeling map $\mu_{j}:\left\{0,1\right\}^{\log\left|M_{j}\right|}\rightarrow \chi_{j}$ while $j\in\left[1,2\right]$.
Cascading the IFFT at the MR and the FFT at the CHs with CP extension, the received signal at MR2 at $q$-th frequency tone and the $m$-th OFDM symbol can be expressed as:
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:sys_model}
\Vec{y}_{m,q} = \Mat{H}^{(1)}_q \Vec{x}^{(1)}_{m,q} + \Mat{H}^{(2)}_q \Vec{x}^{(2)}_{m,q} + \Vec{z}_{m,q}
\end{equation}
where $\Mat{H}^{(1)}_q$ and $\Mat{H}^{(2)}_q$ denote the $n_{r} \times n_{t}$ MIMO channel between CH1 and MR2 and between CH2 and MR2. The channel is assumed to be frequency selective (i.e., it varies with subcarrier index $q$) and block fading (i.e., constant over the OFDM symbols of a frame). $\textbf{z}_{m,q}\in\mathbb{C}^{n_{r}}$ is the vector of circularly symmetric complex white Gaussian noise of variance $\sigma^2$.
Since each clusterhead transmits only one spatial stream and antenna cycling is used, only one element of $\textbf{x}^{(j)}_{m,q},~j=1,2$ is non-zero for every $m$ and $q$. We identify this non-zero element with $x^{(j)}_{m,q},~j=1,2$ and can rewrite \eqref{eqn:sys_model} equivalently as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cellularfreq}
\textbf{y}_{m,q}\!=\!\textbf{h}^{(1)}_{q}x^{(1)}_{q,m}+\textbf{h}^{(2)}_{q}x^{(2)}_{m,q}+\textbf{z}_{m,q},
\end{equation}
where $\textbf{h}^{(1)}_{q}$ and $\textbf{h}^{(2)}_{q}$ are the equivalent channel vectors for the non-zero elements.
%
% where $K$ is the total number of frequency tones. $q\in\left[0,1,\cdots,n_{t}\right]$ shows antenna cycling at CH with the channel vector taking $n_{t}$ different values. We assume that the subcarriers are narrowband and model each subcarrier as a frequency flat fading channel so $\textbf{h}_{1,k,q}\in\mathbb{C}^{n_{r}}$ is the vector characterizing flat fading channel response from CH-1 to $n_{r}$ receive antennas at MR at the $k$-th subcarrier. This vector has complex-valued multivariate Gaussian distribution with $E\left[\textbf{h}_{1,k,q}\right]=\textbf{0}$ and $E\left[\textbf{h}_{1,q}\textbf{h}_{1,q}^{\dag}\right]=\textbf{I}$ i.e. each channel between the CH and the $n_{r}$ receive antennas of MR is independent while the channels at different subcarriers are also assumed to be independent. Each subcarrier corresponds to a symbol from a constellation map $\chi_{j}$ for the $j$-th stream. $\textbf{y}_{k}$,
%
The complex symbols $x^{(1)}_{m,q},x^{(2)}_{m,q}$ of the $2$ streams are assumed to be independent and of variances $\sigma^{2}_{1}$ and $\sigma^{2}_{2}$ respectively. Assuming that the first stream is the desired stream, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is given by ${\sigma^{2}_{1}}/{\sigma^2}$ and the signal to interference ratio (SIR) by ${\sigma^{2}_{1}}/{\sigma^{2}_{2}}$.
For notational convenience, we can drop the frequency and OFDM symbol indexes and rewrite the system model as
\begin{align}\label{eq:cellularfreq1}
\textbf{y}&=\textbf{h}_{1}x_{1}+\textbf{h}_{2}x_{2}+\textbf{z}\nonumber\\
\textbf{y}&=\textbf{H}\textbf{x}+\textbf{z}\nonumber
\end{align}
where $\textbf{H}=\left[\textbf{h}_{1}\;\textbf{h}_{2}\right]$ and $\textbf{x}=\left[x_{1},x_{2}\right]^{T}$.
\subsection{MMSE Receiver}
\label{sec:MMSE}
Linear spatial filters as minimum mean square error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF) filters are the focus of attention to minimize the level of interference in the former case while nulling out the interference in the latter case. Linear MMSE filters because of comparatively better performance than ZF are being considered as likely candidates for future wireless systems \cite{Ericsson}. The sub-optimality of MMSE for non Gaussian alphabets in low dimensional systems (less number of interferers) is well known \cite{Poor} and moreover MMSE detection being based on interference attenuation is void of exploiting the interference structure in mitigating its effect.
%where $\chi_{1,c_{k^{'}}}^{i}$ denotes the subset of the signal set $x_{1}\in\chi_{1}$ whose labels have the value $c_{k^{'}}\in\left\{0,1\right\}$ in the position $i$. This metric has computational complexity $\mathcal{O}\left(\left|\chi_{1}\right|\right)$.
Detection based on MMSE equalization \cite{Medvedev} involves linear MMSE pre-processing i.e. applying a spatial filter \textbf{M} to the received signal vector $\textbf{y}$ i.e. $\tilde{\textbf{x}}=\textbf{My}$ where $\tilde{\textbf{x}}$ is the biased estimate of $\textbf{x}$. Frequency domain MMSE filter \textbf{M} is given as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:MSSEeqn1}
\textbf{M}=\left(N_{0}\textbf{P}^{-1}+\textbf{H}^{H}\textbf{H}\right)^{-1}\textbf{H}^{H}\nonumber
\end{equation}
where $\textbf{P}$ is the diagonal power distribution matrix with the diagonal as $\left[\sigma^{2}_{1}, \sigma^{2}_{2}\right]$. It is followed by an unbiasing operation i.e. $\hat{\textbf{x}}=\Gamma^{-1}\tilde{\textbf{x}}$ where $\Gamma=\mbox{diag}\left(\textbf{M}\textbf{H}\right)$.
Post detection interference is assumed to be Gaussian which on one hand reduces the computational complexity but on the other adds to the sub-optimality of MMSE detection. MMSE pre-processing decouples the spatial streams and the bit metric for the $i$-th bit for bit value $b$ of the symbol $x_{k}$ on $k$-th stream is given as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:MSSEeqn3}
\lambda^{i}_{k}\left(\textbf{y},b\right)\approx \max_{x_{k}\in\chi^{i}_{k,b}}\left[-\frac{\gamma_{k}^{2}}{N_{0}}\left|\hat{x_{k}}-x_{k}\!\right|^{2}\right]
\end{equation}
for $k=1,2$ where $\gamma_{k}$ is the $i$-th diagonal element of $\Gamma$. $\chi_{k,b}^{i}$ denotes the subset of the signal set $x_{k}\in\chi_{k}$ whose labels have the value $b\in\left\{0,1\right\}$ in the position $i$. Based on these bit metrics, bit log likelihood ratios (LLRs) are calculated which after de-interleaving are passed to the channel decoder.
\paragraph*{Implementation}
The core of the MMSE receiver is the matrix inversion that is needed to calculate the filter
$$\Mat{M} = {\underbrace{(N_0 \Mat{P}^{-1} + \Mat{H}^H\Mat{H})}_{=:\Mat{A}}}^{-1} \Mat{H}^H.$$
$\Mat{M}$ needs to be calculated for every subcarrier and every frame, but we drop the indices for notational convenience.
Since we are limited to a $2 \times 2$ MIMO system, the matrix inversion can be calculated directly using Cramer's rule $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})} \operatorname{adj}(\Mat{A})$, where $\operatorname{adj}(\Mat{A})$ denotes the adjoint of the matrix $\Mat{A}$.
Care has to be taken to properly scale the intermediate results in a fixed point implementation. The entries of the channel matrices $\Mat{H}$ are stored in signed 16bit-wide variables, but their resolution is limited to 12 bit due to the A/D convertors. Since the calculation of the determinant $\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})$ involves terms up to the fourth power, the dynamic range of the determinant can reach up to 48 bit. In order to handle this high dynamic range we first use a 64bit-wide variable to calculate $\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})$ thus not loosing any accuracy. This intermediate result is then shifted such that $\max{\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})}$ uses 16 bits. In order to calculate the inverse of $\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})$, we interpret all numbers as fractional Q15 numbers and use standard fixed-point arithmetic. Intermediate results are stored in double precision. The inverse is scaled back by the mean (over all subcarriers) of $\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})$ and saturating to 16bit.
Finally, the MMSE filter matrix is calculated according to $\Mat{M} = \frac{1}{\operatorname{det}(\Mat{A})} \operatorname{adj}(\Mat{A}) \Mat{H}^H$, scaling the intermediate results always to 16 bits.
The high dynamic range of the determinant can cause severe problems. Especially in a frequency selective channel the inverse may saturate on some carriers and can be zero on some other frequencies. This will become more evident in the result section.
\subsection{Low Complexity max log MAP Detector}
\label{sec:ML}
This detector is a low complexity version of max log MAP detector and is based on the matched filter outputs \cite{ghaffar09a}. Its low complexity is based on the reduction of one complex dimension. This detector instead of attenuating the interference exploits its structure in mitigating the effect of interference. Without loss of generality, let's consider first stream being the desired stream. The max log MAP bit metric for bit $b$ of the desired stream $x_{1}$ is given as \cite{caire}
\begin{align}
\lambda^{i}_{1}\left(\textbf{y},b\right)\!&\approx\! \min_{x_{1}\in\chi^{i}_{1,b},x_{2}\in\chi_{2}}\!\left\|\textbf{y}\!-\!\textbf{h}_{1}x_{1}\!-\textbf{h}_{2}x_{2}\right\|^{2}\nonumber\\
&=\!\min_{x_{1}\in\chi^{i}_{1,b},x_{2}\in\chi_{2}}\left\{\left\|\textbf{y}\right\|^{2}\!+\!\left\|\textbf{h}_{1}x_{1}\right\|^{2}\!-\left(2y_{1}x_{1}^{*}\right)_{R}\right.\nonumber\\
&\quad\left.+\left(2p_{12}x_{1}^{*}x_{2}\right)_{R}-\left(2y_{2}x_{2}^{*}\right)_{R}+\left\|\textbf{h}_{2}x_{2}\right\|^{2}\right\}\label{eq:bitLLR}
\end{align}
where $y_{1}=\textbf{h}_{1}^{H}\textbf{y}$ be the matched filter output for the first stream and $p_{12}=\textbf{h}_{1}^{H}\textbf{h}_{2}$ be the cross correlation between the first and the second channel. Note that subscripts $\left(.\right)_{R}$ indicates the real part. Writing terms in their real and imaginary parts, we have
\begin{align}
&\lambda^{i}_{1}\left(\textbf{y},b\right)\approx\min_{x_{1}\in\chi^{i}_{1,b},x_{2}\in\chi_{2}}\left\{\left\|\textbf{h}_{1}x_{1}\right\|^{2}-\left(2y_{1}x_{1}^{*}\right)_{R}\right.\nonumber\\
&\!+\!\left(2\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,R}\!+\!p_{12,I}x_{1,I}\!\right)\!-\!2 y_{2,R}\!\right)x_{2,R}\!+\!\left\|\textbf{h}_{2}\right\|^{2}x_{2,R}^{2}\nonumber\\
&\left.\!+\!\left(2\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,I}\!-\!p_{12,I}x_{1,R}\!\right)\!-\!2 y_{2,I}\!\right)x_{2,I}\!+\!\left\|\textbf{h}_{2}\right\|^{2}x_{2,I}^{2}\right\}\label{eq:MAP1e}
\end{align}
where $\left(.\right)_{I}$ indicates imaginary part. For $x_{2}$ belonging to the equal energy alphabets, the values of $x_{2,R}$ and $x_{2,I}$ which minimize (\ref{eq:MAP1e}) need to be in the opposite directions of $2\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,R}\!+\!p_{12,I}x_{1,I}\right)\!-\!2 y_{2,R}$ and $2\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,I}\!-\!p_{12,I}x_{1,R}\!\right)\!-\!2 y_{2,I}$ respectively thereby evading search on alphabets of $x_{2}$ and reducing one complex dimension of the system. The bit metric is therefore written as
\begin{align}
&\lambda^{i}_{1}\left(\textbf{y},b\right)\approx\min_{x_{1}\in\chi^{i}_{1,b},x_{2}\in\chi_{2}}\left\{\left\|\textbf{h}_{1}x_{1}\right\|^{2}-\left(2y_{1}x_{1}^{*}\right)_{R}\right.\nonumber\\
&\!-\!\left|\left(2\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,R}\!+\!p_{12,I}x_{1,I}\!\right)\!-\!2 y_{2,R}\!\right)\right|\left|x_{2,R}\right|\nonumber\\
&\left.\!-\!\left|\left(2\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,I}\!-\!p_{12,I}x_{1,R}\!\right)\!-\!2 y_{2,I}\!\right)\right|\left|x_{2,I}\right|\right\}\label{eq:MAP3e}
\end{align}
For non equal energy alphabets, it is the minimization problem of a quadratic function again trimming one complex dimension of the system. In that case, the real and imaginary parts of $x_{2}$ which minimizes (\ref{eq:bitLLR}) are given as
\begin{align}
&x_{2,R}\rightarrow-\frac{\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,R}+p_{12,I}x_{1,I}\right)- y_{2,R}}{\left\|\textbf{h}_{2}\right\|^{2}}\nonumber\\
&x_{2,I}\rightarrow-\frac{\left(p_{12,R}x_{1,I}\!-\!p_{12,I}x_{1,R}\!\right)\!-\! y_{2,I}}{\left\|\textbf{h}_{2}\right\|^{2}}
\end{align}
where $\rightarrow$ indicates the quantization process in which amongst the finite available points, the point closest to the calculated continuous value is selected.
%\paragraph*{Implementation}
The advantage of the reduced complexity max-log MAP detector is that it can be implemented without any division and therefore it is numerically more stable than the MMSE receiver.
\subsection{Integration into OpenAirMesh}
The interference cancellation receiver described above enables the implementation of a single frequency mesh network. Since each CH schedules the time-frequency resources in its cluster independently (both on the uplink and the downlink) MRs that are in the broadcast domain of two different CHs must also be able to communicate with two CHs concurrently on the uplink and the downlink. In the downlink, the IC receiver is used to decode the signals of both CHs successively by treating the other stream as interference. This also enables the MR to synchronize the two CHs. On the uplink the MR transmit two independent data streams as described in \ref{sec:coding} and the CHs decode only the stream dedicated for them, treating the other one as interference.
\section{Experiments and Applications}
\label{sec:exp}
In this section we investigate the performance of the two dual-stream receiver structures described in the previous section. Firstly, in Subsection \ref{sec:sim}, we perform computer simulations of the two receiver structures using a simple synthetic channel model. Secondly, in Subsection \ref{sec:lab} we present performance results from the real-time implementation on the OpenAirInterface platform. Last but not least, in Subsection \label{sec:trials}
we present field trial experiments that were conducted within the CHORIST project close to Barcelona, Spain in February 2009.
All performance comparisons (both for simulation and lab tests) were done using the broadcast channel (BCH) of the primary clusterhead (CH1) with interference from the BCH from the secondary clusterhead (CH2). The BCH uses QPSK modulation and rate 1/2 convolutional code. The block length is 1056bits, which corresponds to 8 OFDM symbols with 132 data subcarriers each. We use 2 antennas on all nodes.
\subsection{Computer Simulations}
\label{sec:sim}
\subsubsection{Channel Model}
For the simulations the $2 \times 2$ MIMO channel matrices $\Mat{H}_q^{(1)}$ and $\Mat{H}_q^{(2)}$ are modeled as spatially white and independent. The channel is assumed to be constant during a block and varies independently between blocks. We use both a frequency flat fading model as well as a frequency selective model. In the frequency flat case the channel matrices stay constant over all subcarriers $q$ with channel coefficients drawn from a Rayleigh distribution with unit variance. In the frequency selective case we model the channel as a tapped delay line with 8 sample-spaced taps with an exponential power delay profile. Each tap undergoes Rayleigh fading.
% Each link of the MIMO channels $\Mat{H}^{(l)}, l=1,2$ with channel coefficients $h_{i,j}^{(l)}$ is drawn from a Rayleigh distribution, i.e., $h_{i,j}^{(l)} \in \mathcal{CN}(0,1)$. Channel coefficients of different links as well as of different blocks are independent.
% Note that the assumptions on the channel model are quite strong and hardly ever fulfilled in real channels. However, it allows to check and compare different algorithms and different implementations.
%The first tap additionally includes a LOS component, whose strength is controlled by the Ricean K-factor $K$. The different elements of the MIMO matrices of one cluster fade independently. The LOS components of two different clusters are correlated by the angle $\alpha$. That means if $\mathbf{H}_{\textrm{LOS},1}$ is the channel matrix of the LOS component of CH 1, the corresponding channel matrix of CH 2 is given by....
\subsubsection{Simulation Results}
The simulation model described above as well as the two receiver structures described in Section \ref{sec:ic} were implemented in Matlab as well as in fixed-point C. The C simulator however includes the FFT and CP insertion at the transmitter and the corresponding IFFT and CP removal at the receiver. The channel is thus simulated in the time domain rather than in the frequency domain. Also the C implementation does a full channel estimation while the Matlab implementation assumes perfect channel knowledge. We perform Monte Carlo simulations with both implementations and compare the frame error rates of the first stream w.r.t.\ the interference from the second stream.
Figure \ref{fig:sim_results_MMSE} shows the performance comparison of the two implementations of the MMSE receiver for different SNR levels. It can be seen that the fixed point C implementation looses approximately 5dB compared floating point implementation in Matlab. The loss is due to the loss of accuracy of the fixed point implementation and the channel estimation errors.
Figure \ref{fig:sim_results_ML} shows the performance comparison of the two implementations of the ML receiver for different SNR levels. It can be seen that in general the Matlab implementation performs better for low SNR levels (5 and 10dB). For an SNR level of 15dB the two implementations perform very similar. Compared to the MMSE implementation, the ML implementation is clearly preferable. Also note that the performance of the ML receiver actually gets better when the interference gets stronger.
Figure \ref{fig:sim_results_MMSE+ML_freq_sel} shows the performance comparison of the C implementation of the MMSE as well as the ML receiver for different SNR levels in a frequency selective channel. It can be seen that the ML receiver profits most from the the additional diversity, while the performance of the MMSE receiver hardly improves.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/sim_results_ML_C+matlab}
\caption{Frame error rate of the first stream of the ML receiver (C and Matlab implementation) for a frequency flat Rayleigh fading channel. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the first stream. The $x$ axis denotes the interference of the second stream w.r.t\ the first stream.}
\label{fig:sim_results_ML}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/sim_results_MMSE_C+matlab}
\caption{Frame error rate of the first stream of the MMSE receiver (C and Matlab implementation) for a frequency flat Rayleigh fading channel. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the first stream. The $x$ axis denotes the interference of the second stream w.r.t\ the first stream.}
\label{fig:sim_results_MMSE}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/sim_results_ML+MMSE_C_freq_sel}
\caption{Frame error rate of the first stream of the of the MMSE and ML receiver (C implementation) for a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the first stream. The $x$ axis denotes the interference of the second stream w.r.t.\ the first stream.}
\label{fig:sim_results_MMSE+ML_freq_sel}
\end{figure}
% \begin{figure}[p]
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/results_rice10_aoa2}
% \caption{Frame error rate of ML and MMSE receiver for a Ricean fading channel ($K=10$ dB) and a $\pi/2$ angle between culsters. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the first stream. The $x$ axis denotes the interference of the second stream wrt the first stream.}
% \label{fig:results_rice10_aoa2}
% \end{figure}
%
% \begin{figure}[p]
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/results_rice10_aoa4}
% \caption{Frame error rate of ML and MMSE receiver for a Ricean fading channel ($K=10$ dB) and a $\pi/4$ angle between culsters. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the first stream. The $x$ axis denotes the interference of the second stream wrt the first stream.}
% \label{fig:results_rice10_aoa4}
% \end{figure}
%
% \begin{figure}[p]
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/results_rice10_aoa8}
% \caption{Frame error rate of ML and MMSE receiver for a Ricean fading channel ($K=10$ dB) and a $\pi/8$ angle between culsters. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the first stream. The $x$ axis denotes the interference of the second stream wrt the first stream.}
% \label{fig:results_rice10_aoa8}
% \end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/emos_results_ML+MMSE}
\caption{Measured frame error rate of the first stream using real-time MMSE and ML receiver in the Eurecom lab. Results are plotted for different power levels of the two clusterheads.}
\label{fig:emos_results}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Lab Tests}
\label{sec:lab}
\subsubsection{Test Setup}
The dual stream receiver was tested in the lab using an extended version of the Eurecom MIMO OpenAir Sounder (EMOS) \cite{kaltenberger09}. The EMOS can be seen as a stand-alone version of the physical layer of the OpenAirMesh testbed. Only the synchronization symbols (CHSCH, MRSCH) and the broadcast channels (CHBCH, MRBCH) are transmitted. Instead of the scheduled access channels, additional pilot symbols are transmitted that can be used for channel sounding purposes, but this functionality is not used in this paper. Instead we record the frame error rates (based on the CRC check) of the CHBCH. Note that the real-time system uses the same fixed point code for the receiver as the simulator.
For the experiments we set up three nodes (CH1, CH2 and MR2) in our lab. To simulate different SNR levels at the receiver we changed the transmit powers of the two CHs between -20\,dBm and 0\,dBm.
\subsubsection{Results}
Figure \ref{fig:emos_results} show the FER of the second stream for different SNR values for the ML, the MMSE and the single stream receiver respectively. It can be seen that the results show a very high volatility, which is mostly due to the fact of the wireless channel, which cannot be controlled as nicely as in the simulations. However, the basic trends are the same as in the simulations. It can be seen that the MMSE receiver has in general a worse performance than the ML receiver.
% \begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/FER2_idx0}
% \caption{Measured frame error rate of the second stream using ML receiver. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the two streams.}
% \label{fig:FER2_3D_idx0}
% \end{figure}
%
% \begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/FER2_idx2}
% \caption{Measured frame error rate of the second stream using MMSE receiver. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the two streams.}
% \label{fig:FER2_3D_idx2}
% \end{figure}
%
% \begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/FER2_idx4}
% \caption{Measured frame error rate of the second stream using single stream receiver. Results are plotted for different SNR levels of the two streams.}
% \label{fig:FER2_3D_idx4}
% \end{figure}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/pano_5nodes_annotated_300dpi}
\caption{Five node mesh network trial in Bellaterra, Spain. MR1 is located at the roof of the red fire brigade building. CH1 and MR2 are located on opposite sides of the parking lot in front of the building. CH2 and MR3 are on the other side of the building.}
\label{fig:mesh_5nodes}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Field Trials}
\label{sec:trial}
One major application of OpenAirMesh platform is the demonstration of rapidly-deployable broadband ad hoc communications systems for public safety units in interventions following natural hazards and industrial accidents. Such a demonstration took place in February 2009 in Bellaterra, Spain in the context of the European project CHORIST, which is funded by the 6th framework program (www.chorist.eu).
%Such public safety units require a reliable communication broadband system and services that do not need heavy management operations involvement in order to allow them to increase their efficiency during their critical interventions.
During the trials we set up a mesh network with five node as depicted in Fig.\ \ref{fig:mesh_topology} on the parking lot of the fire brigade building in Bellaterra (see Fig.\ \ref{fig:mesh_5nodes}). MR1 was placed on the roof of the building and served as an edge router establishing the connection to the core network and the control room. CH1 and MR2 were placed on the parking lot in front of the building. CH2 and MR3 were placed behind the building, such that there was no connection between CH1 and MR3 as well as between CH2 and MR1. MR2 was in the broadcast domain of both CHs, relaying traffic between them.
Both MR2 and MR3 were used as gateways to other networks. Two different end-to-end applications were tested on the network: a video surveillance application and a push-to-talk VoIP application. During the trials we managed to establish a reliable connection (in the sense that both applications were running smoothly) between MR1 and MR3. For more details on these trials see \cite{chorist_trials}.
%Here the elements of the mesh network are routers, some of which are edge routers in the sense that they are gateways to other networks (WIFI, bluetooth, etc.). These are some of the application scenarios considered in the CHORIST FP6 project and future HNPS Celtic project.
% \begin{figure*}
% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/pano_3nodes_annotated}
% \caption{3 node mesh}
% \label{fig:mesh_3nodes}
% \end{figure*}
%
% \begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/pano_5nodes_2_annotated}
% \caption{5 node mesh, cluster 2}
% \label{fig:mesh_5nodes_2}
% \end{figure}
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:con}
In this paper we have shown the feasibility of distributed network synchronization and distributed MIMO on the real-time open-source OpenAirInterface platform. We conclude this paper by describing a few lessons we have learned during the implementation and the field trials.
Synchronization is a prerequisite for the distributed MIMO receiver described in this paper and other cooperative communication schemes. We have seen that the proposed synchronization is feasible for small scale networks in indoor and medium-range outdoor scenarios. For larger networks, the requirement of a single reference clock is somewhat restrictive, since when it fails the whole network fails. Also it is not proven that the algorithm is stable in larger networks. We are planning to investigate this issue in future publications.
As for the implementation of the distributed MIMO receiver we have seen that the reduced complexity max-log MAP detector has several advantages over the linear MMSE receiver. First of all its performance is much better (both diversity and coding gain), especially when the interference level is high. Further it can be implemented without any divisions which is very advantageous on a fixed point processor. The implementation of the MMSE receiver on the other requires a matrix inversion, which is not trivial using fixed point arithmetic and looses a lot of accuracy.
During the trials we have also seen that the distributed MIMO receiver is very sensitive to channel conditions. The best performance is achieved if the two transmitters have a line of sight to the receiver, but are well separated in space. Small displacements of the antennas can also make a big difference. Significant differences in the received powers form the two sources can also improve the performance (in case of the max-log MAP receiver).
In future work we would like to include distributed space-time coding and collaborative beamforming into OpenAirInterface. This could for example be used in a multiple relay channel, when several relays are placed between two clusterheads. One particular aspect we would like to investigate are the consequences of such scenarios on design aspects related to spatial HARQ and channel coding mechanisms.
% Applications of the OpenAirMesh platform include demonstration of broadband ad hoc communications systems for public safety units as well as demonstration of collaborative communication in a cognitive radio system.
% References should be produced using the bibtex program from suitable
% BiBTeX files (here: strings, refs). The IEEEbib.bst bibliography
% style file from IEEE produces unsorted bibliography list.
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
%\renewcommand{\url}[1]{}
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\bibliography{IEEEabrv,OpenAirMesh}
\end{document}
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%%EOF
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/ipeMakeFont {
exch findfont
dup length dict begin
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ipe begin
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%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR7 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:21
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
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end readonly def
/FontName /NYSLSO+CMR7 def
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ipeMakeFont
%%BeginResource: font YRDCDK+CMR10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR10 1.00B
%%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:52
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
/F8 /YRDCDK+CMR10
[ /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef ]
ipeMakeFont
%%BeginResource: font DQQFEW+CMMI10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI10 1.100
%%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.100) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /DQQFEW+CMMI10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 12 /beta put
dup 120 /x put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-32 -250 1048 750}readonly def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
/F11 /DQQFEW+CMMI10
[ /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/x/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef ]
ipeMakeFont
%%BeginResource: font BQGNTD+CMSY10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.035 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /BQGNTD+CMSY10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 112 /radical put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-29 -960 1116 775}readonly def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndResource
/F14 /BQGNTD+CMSY10
[ /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/radical/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef ]
ipeMakeFont
%%BeginResource: font WTVEFS+CMBX10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX10 1.00B
%%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:06
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.00B) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMBX10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Bold) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /WTVEFS+CMBX10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 104 /h put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-301 -250 1164 946}readonly def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
899 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
899 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
6 w
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 4561 L
899 389 mt 899 442 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
763 4760 mt
(-20) s
1434 4615 mt 1434 4561 L
1434 389 mt 1434 442 L
1298 4760 mt
(-18) s
1970 4615 mt 1970 4561 L
1970 389 mt 1970 442 L
1834 4760 mt
(-16) s
2505 4615 mt 2505 4561 L
2505 389 mt 2505 442 L
2369 4760 mt
(-14) s
3041 4615 mt 3041 4561 L
3041 389 mt 3041 442 L
2905 4760 mt
(-12) s
3577 4615 mt 3577 4561 L
3577 389 mt 3577 442 L
3441 4760 mt
(-10) s
4112 4615 mt 4112 4561 L
4112 389 mt 4112 442 L
4009 4760 mt
(-8) s
4648 4615 mt 4648 4561 L
4648 389 mt 4648 442 L
4545 4760 mt
(-6) s
5183 4615 mt 5183 4561 L
5183 389 mt 5183 442 L
5080 4760 mt
(-4) s
5719 4615 mt 5719 4561 L
5719 389 mt 5719 442 L
5616 4760 mt
(-2) s
6255 4615 mt 6255 4561 L
6255 389 mt 6255 442 L
6222 4760 mt
(0) s
899 4615 mt 925 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6228 4615 L
DO
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
SO
899 4615 mt 952 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6201 4615 L
640 4659 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 4585 mt
(-4) s
899 4296 mt 925 4296 L
6255 4296 mt 6228 4296 L
DO
899 4296 mt 6255 4296 L
6255 4296 mt 6255 4296 L
SO
899 4110 mt 925 4110 L
6255 4110 mt 6228 4110 L
DO
899 4110 mt 6255 4110 L
6255 4110 mt 6255 4110 L
SO
899 3978 mt 925 3978 L
6255 3978 mt 6228 3978 L
DO
899 3978 mt 6255 3978 L
6255 3978 mt 6255 3978 L
SO
899 3876 mt 925 3876 L
6255 3876 mt 6228 3876 L
DO
899 3876 mt 6255 3876 L
6255 3876 mt 6255 3876 L
SO
899 3792 mt 925 3792 L
6255 3792 mt 6228 3792 L
DO
899 3792 mt 6255 3792 L
6255 3792 mt 6255 3792 L
SO
899 3722 mt 925 3722 L
6255 3722 mt 6228 3722 L
DO
899 3722 mt 6255 3722 L
6255 3722 mt 6255 3722 L
SO
899 3660 mt 925 3660 L
6255 3660 mt 6228 3660 L
DO
899 3660 mt 6255 3660 L
6255 3660 mt 6255 3660 L
SO
899 3606 mt 925 3606 L
6255 3606 mt 6228 3606 L
DO
899 3606 mt 6255 3606 L
6255 3606 mt 6255 3606 L
SO
899 3558 mt 925 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6228 3558 L
DO
899 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
SO
899 3558 mt 952 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6201 3558 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 3602 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 3528 mt
(-3) s
899 3240 mt 925 3240 L
6255 3240 mt 6228 3240 L
DO
899 3240 mt 6255 3240 L
6255 3240 mt 6255 3240 L
SO
899 3054 mt 925 3054 L
6255 3054 mt 6228 3054 L
DO
899 3054 mt 6255 3054 L
6255 3054 mt 6255 3054 L
SO
899 2922 mt 925 2922 L
6255 2922 mt 6228 2922 L
DO
899 2922 mt 6255 2922 L
6255 2922 mt 6255 2922 L
SO
899 2820 mt 925 2820 L
6255 2820 mt 6228 2820 L
DO
899 2820 mt 6255 2820 L
6255 2820 mt 6255 2820 L
SO
899 2736 mt 925 2736 L
6255 2736 mt 6228 2736 L
DO
899 2736 mt 6255 2736 L
6255 2736 mt 6255 2736 L
SO
899 2665 mt 925 2665 L
6255 2665 mt 6228 2665 L
DO
899 2665 mt 6255 2665 L
6255 2665 mt 6255 2665 L
SO
899 2604 mt 925 2604 L
6255 2604 mt 6228 2604 L
DO
899 2604 mt 6255 2604 L
6255 2604 mt 6255 2604 L
SO
899 2550 mt 925 2550 L
6255 2550 mt 6228 2550 L
DO
899 2550 mt 6255 2550 L
6255 2550 mt 6255 2550 L
SO
899 2502 mt 925 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6228 2502 L
DO
899 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
SO
899 2502 mt 952 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6201 2502 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 2546 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 2472 mt
(-2) s
899 2183 mt 925 2183 L
6255 2183 mt 6228 2183 L
DO
899 2183 mt 6255 2183 L
6255 2183 mt 6255 2183 L
SO
899 1997 mt 925 1997 L
6255 1997 mt 6228 1997 L
DO
899 1997 mt 6255 1997 L
6255 1997 mt 6255 1997 L
SO
899 1865 mt 925 1865 L
6255 1865 mt 6228 1865 L
DO
899 1865 mt 6255 1865 L
6255 1865 mt 6255 1865 L
SO
899 1763 mt 925 1763 L
6255 1763 mt 6228 1763 L
DO
899 1763 mt 6255 1763 L
6255 1763 mt 6255 1763 L
SO
899 1679 mt 925 1679 L
6255 1679 mt 6228 1679 L
DO
899 1679 mt 6255 1679 L
6255 1679 mt 6255 1679 L
SO
899 1609 mt 925 1609 L
6255 1609 mt 6228 1609 L
DO
899 1609 mt 6255 1609 L
6255 1609 mt 6255 1609 L
SO
899 1547 mt 925 1547 L
6255 1547 mt 6228 1547 L
DO
899 1547 mt 6255 1547 L
6255 1547 mt 6255 1547 L
SO
899 1493 mt 925 1493 L
6255 1493 mt 6228 1493 L
DO
899 1493 mt 6255 1493 L
6255 1493 mt 6255 1493 L
SO
899 1445 mt 925 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6228 1445 L
DO
899 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
SO
899 1445 mt 952 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6201 1445 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 1489 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 1415 mt
(-1) s
899 1127 mt 925 1127 L
6255 1127 mt 6228 1127 L
DO
899 1127 mt 6255 1127 L
6255 1127 mt 6255 1127 L
SO
899 941 mt 925 941 L
6255 941 mt 6228 941 L
DO
899 941 mt 6255 941 L
6255 941 mt 6255 941 L
SO
899 809 mt 925 809 L
6255 809 mt 6228 809 L
DO
899 809 mt 6255 809 L
6255 809 mt 6255 809 L
SO
899 707 mt 925 707 L
6255 707 mt 6228 707 L
DO
899 707 mt 6255 707 L
6255 707 mt 6255 707 L
SO
899 623 mt 925 623 L
6255 623 mt 6228 623 L
DO
899 623 mt 6255 623 L
6255 623 mt 6255 623 L
SO
899 552 mt 925 552 L
6255 552 mt 6228 552 L
DO
899 552 mt 6255 552 L
6255 552 mt 6255 552 L
SO
899 491 mt 925 491 L
6255 491 mt 6228 491 L
DO
899 491 mt 6255 491 L
6255 491 mt 6255 491 L
SO
899 437 mt 925 437 L
6255 437 mt 6228 437 L
DO
899 437 mt 6255 437 L
6255 437 mt 6255 437 L
SO
899 389 mt 925 389 L
6255 389 mt 6228 389 L
DO
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
899 389 mt 952 389 L
6255 389 mt 6201 389 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 433 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 359 mt
(0) s
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
24 w
/c8 { 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c8
2678 -18 2678 -726 899 1133 3 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 753 243 5649 1037 rc
857 1091 mt 941 1175 L
941 1091 mt 857 1175 L
3535 365 mt 3619 449 L
3619 365 mt 3535 449 L
6213 347 mt 6297 431 L
6297 347 mt 6213 431 L
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
DA
2678 -1081 2678 -457 899 1927 3 MP stroke
gr
DA
gs 753 243 5649 1831 rc
SO
857 1885 mt 941 1969 L
941 1885 mt 857 1969 L
3535 1428 mt 3619 1512 L
3619 1428 mt 3535 1512 L
6213 347 mt 6297 431 L
6297 347 mt 6213 431 L
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
SO
/c9 { 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c9
2678 -1300 2678 808 899 883 3 MP stroke
gr
c9
SO
gs 753 245 5649 1593 rc
60 60 899 883 FO
60 60 3577 1691 FO
60 60 6255 391 FO
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
DA
2678 -1858 2678 -1464 899 4344 3 MP stroke
gr
DA
gs 753 876 5649 3615 rc
SO
60 60 899 4344 FO
60 60 3577 2880 FO
60 60 6255 1022 FO
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
SO
/c10 { 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 sr} bdef
c10
2678 -1804 2678 1753 899 1389 3 MP stroke
gr
c10
SO
gs 753 1192 5649 2097 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 852 1342 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3530 3095 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 6208 1291 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
DA
2678 504 2678 -671 899 3214 3 MP stroke
gr
DA
gs 753 2397 5649 964 rc
SO
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 852 3167 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3530 2496 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 6208 3000 5 MP
DP
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
gr
0 sg
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 168 FMSR
2910 4938 mt
(Power CH2 [dBm]) s
548 3035 mt -90 rotate
(FER Stream 1) s
90 rotate
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
882 4658 mt
( ) s
6239 431 mt
( ) s
SO
6 w
1 sg
0 918 2157 0 0 -918 4038 4556 4 MP
PP
-2157 0 0 918 2157 0 0 -918 4038 4556 5 MP stroke
4 w
DO
SO
6 w
0 sg
4038 4556 mt 6195 4556 L
4038 3638 mt 6195 3638 L
4038 4556 mt 4038 3638 L
6195 4556 mt 6195 3638 L
4038 4556 mt 6195 4556 L
4038 4556 mt 4038 3638 L
4038 4556 mt 6195 4556 L
4038 3638 mt 6195 3638 L
4038 4556 mt 4038 3638 L
6195 4556 mt 6195 3638 L
4502 3770 mt
(MMSE, Power CH1 = -20 dBm) s
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
24 w
c8
357 0 4109 3727 2 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 4141 3581 293 293 rc
4245 3685 mt 4329 3769 L
4329 3685 mt 4245 3769 L
gr
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
gr
0 sg
4502 3918 mt
(ML, Power CH1 = -20 dBm) s
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
DA
c8
357 0 4109 3875 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 4141 3729 293 293 rc
4245 3833 mt 4329 3917 L
4329 3833 mt 4245 3917 L
gr
gr
c8
0 sg
4502 4066 mt
(MMSE, Power CH1 = -10 dBm) s
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
c9
357 0 4109 4023 2 MP stroke
gs 4141 3877 293 293 rc
60 60 4287 4023 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
4502 4213 mt
(ML, Power CH1 = -10 dBm) s
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
DA
c9
357 0 4109 4170 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 4141 4024 293 293 rc
60 60 4287 4170 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
4502 4361 mt
(MMSE, Power CH1 = 0 dBm) s
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
c10
357 0 4109 4318 2 MP stroke
gs 4141 4172 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4240 4271 5 MP
DP
gr
gr
c10
0 sg
4502 4509 mt
(ML, Power CH1 = 0 dBm) s
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
DA
c10
357 0 4109 4466 2 MP stroke
SO
gr
c10
gs 4141 4320 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4240 4419 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 4038 3638 2158 919 rc
6 w
gr
6 w
end %%Color Dict
eplot
%%EndObject
epage
end
showpage
%%Trailer
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@@ -1,834 +0,0 @@
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86 dict begin %Colortable dictionary
/c0 { 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
/c1 { 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 sr} bdef
/c2 { 0.900000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
/c3 { 0.000000 0.820000 0.000000 sr} bdef
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c0
1 j
1 sg
0 0 6913 5186 rf
6 w
0 4226 5356 0 0 -4226 899 4615 4 MP
PP
-5356 0 0 4226 5356 0 0 -4226 899 4615 5 MP stroke
4 w
DO
0 sg
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 389 mt 899 389 L
1568 4615 mt 1568 389 L
1568 389 mt 1568 389 L
2238 4615 mt 2238 389 L
2238 389 mt 2238 389 L
2907 4615 mt 2907 389 L
2907 389 mt 2907 389 L
3577 4615 mt 3577 389 L
3577 389 mt 3577 389 L
4246 4615 mt 4246 389 L
4246 389 mt 4246 389 L
4916 4615 mt 4916 389 L
4916 389 mt 4916 389 L
5585 4615 mt 5585 389 L
5585 389 mt 5585 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
899 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
899 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
6 w
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 4561 L
899 389 mt 899 442 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
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763 4760 mt
(-10) s
1568 4615 mt 1568 4561 L
1568 389 mt 1568 442 L
1465 4760 mt
(-8) s
2238 4615 mt 2238 4561 L
2238 389 mt 2238 442 L
2135 4760 mt
(-6) s
2907 4615 mt 2907 4561 L
2907 389 mt 2907 442 L
2804 4760 mt
(-4) s
3577 4615 mt 3577 4561 L
3577 389 mt 3577 442 L
3474 4760 mt
(-2) s
4246 4615 mt 4246 4561 L
4246 389 mt 4246 442 L
4213 4760 mt
(0) s
4916 4615 mt 4916 4561 L
4916 389 mt 4916 442 L
4883 4760 mt
(2) s
5585 4615 mt 5585 4561 L
5585 389 mt 5585 442 L
5552 4760 mt
(4) s
6255 4615 mt 6255 4561 L
6255 389 mt 6255 442 L
6222 4760 mt
(6) s
899 4615 mt 925 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6228 4615 L
DO
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
SO
899 4615 mt 952 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6201 4615 L
640 4659 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 4585 mt
(-4) s
899 4296 mt 925 4296 L
6255 4296 mt 6228 4296 L
DO
899 4296 mt 6255 4296 L
6255 4296 mt 6255 4296 L
SO
899 4110 mt 925 4110 L
6255 4110 mt 6228 4110 L
DO
899 4110 mt 6255 4110 L
6255 4110 mt 6255 4110 L
SO
899 3978 mt 925 3978 L
6255 3978 mt 6228 3978 L
DO
899 3978 mt 6255 3978 L
6255 3978 mt 6255 3978 L
SO
899 3876 mt 925 3876 L
6255 3876 mt 6228 3876 L
DO
899 3876 mt 6255 3876 L
6255 3876 mt 6255 3876 L
SO
899 3792 mt 925 3792 L
6255 3792 mt 6228 3792 L
DO
899 3792 mt 6255 3792 L
6255 3792 mt 6255 3792 L
SO
899 3722 mt 925 3722 L
6255 3722 mt 6228 3722 L
DO
899 3722 mt 6255 3722 L
6255 3722 mt 6255 3722 L
SO
899 3660 mt 925 3660 L
6255 3660 mt 6228 3660 L
DO
899 3660 mt 6255 3660 L
6255 3660 mt 6255 3660 L
SO
899 3606 mt 925 3606 L
6255 3606 mt 6228 3606 L
DO
899 3606 mt 6255 3606 L
6255 3606 mt 6255 3606 L
SO
899 3558 mt 925 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6228 3558 L
DO
899 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
SO
899 3558 mt 952 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6201 3558 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 3602 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 3528 mt
(-3) s
899 3240 mt 925 3240 L
6255 3240 mt 6228 3240 L
DO
899 3240 mt 6255 3240 L
6255 3240 mt 6255 3240 L
SO
899 3054 mt 925 3054 L
6255 3054 mt 6228 3054 L
DO
899 3054 mt 6255 3054 L
6255 3054 mt 6255 3054 L
SO
899 2922 mt 925 2922 L
6255 2922 mt 6228 2922 L
DO
899 2922 mt 6255 2922 L
6255 2922 mt 6255 2922 L
SO
899 2820 mt 925 2820 L
6255 2820 mt 6228 2820 L
DO
899 2820 mt 6255 2820 L
6255 2820 mt 6255 2820 L
SO
899 2736 mt 925 2736 L
6255 2736 mt 6228 2736 L
DO
899 2736 mt 6255 2736 L
6255 2736 mt 6255 2736 L
SO
899 2665 mt 925 2665 L
6255 2665 mt 6228 2665 L
DO
899 2665 mt 6255 2665 L
6255 2665 mt 6255 2665 L
SO
899 2604 mt 925 2604 L
6255 2604 mt 6228 2604 L
DO
899 2604 mt 6255 2604 L
6255 2604 mt 6255 2604 L
SO
899 2550 mt 925 2550 L
6255 2550 mt 6228 2550 L
DO
899 2550 mt 6255 2550 L
6255 2550 mt 6255 2550 L
SO
899 2502 mt 925 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6228 2502 L
DO
899 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
SO
899 2502 mt 952 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6201 2502 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 2546 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 2472 mt
(-2) s
899 2183 mt 925 2183 L
6255 2183 mt 6228 2183 L
DO
899 2183 mt 6255 2183 L
6255 2183 mt 6255 2183 L
SO
899 1997 mt 925 1997 L
6255 1997 mt 6228 1997 L
DO
899 1997 mt 6255 1997 L
6255 1997 mt 6255 1997 L
SO
899 1865 mt 925 1865 L
6255 1865 mt 6228 1865 L
DO
899 1865 mt 6255 1865 L
6255 1865 mt 6255 1865 L
SO
899 1763 mt 925 1763 L
6255 1763 mt 6228 1763 L
DO
899 1763 mt 6255 1763 L
6255 1763 mt 6255 1763 L
SO
899 1679 mt 925 1679 L
6255 1679 mt 6228 1679 L
DO
899 1679 mt 6255 1679 L
6255 1679 mt 6255 1679 L
SO
899 1609 mt 925 1609 L
6255 1609 mt 6228 1609 L
DO
899 1609 mt 6255 1609 L
6255 1609 mt 6255 1609 L
SO
899 1547 mt 925 1547 L
6255 1547 mt 6228 1547 L
DO
899 1547 mt 6255 1547 L
6255 1547 mt 6255 1547 L
SO
899 1493 mt 925 1493 L
6255 1493 mt 6228 1493 L
DO
899 1493 mt 6255 1493 L
6255 1493 mt 6255 1493 L
SO
899 1445 mt 925 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6228 1445 L
DO
899 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
SO
899 1445 mt 952 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6201 1445 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 1489 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 1415 mt
(-1) s
899 1127 mt 925 1127 L
6255 1127 mt 6228 1127 L
DO
899 1127 mt 6255 1127 L
6255 1127 mt 6255 1127 L
SO
899 941 mt 925 941 L
6255 941 mt 6228 941 L
DO
899 941 mt 6255 941 L
6255 941 mt 6255 941 L
SO
899 809 mt 925 809 L
6255 809 mt 6228 809 L
DO
899 809 mt 6255 809 L
6255 809 mt 6255 809 L
SO
899 707 mt 925 707 L
6255 707 mt 6228 707 L
DO
899 707 mt 6255 707 L
6255 707 mt 6255 707 L
SO
899 623 mt 925 623 L
6255 623 mt 6228 623 L
DO
899 623 mt 6255 623 L
6255 623 mt 6255 623 L
SO
899 552 mt 925 552 L
6255 552 mt 6228 552 L
DO
899 552 mt 6255 552 L
6255 552 mt 6255 552 L
SO
899 491 mt 925 491 L
6255 491 mt 6228 491 L
DO
899 491 mt 6255 491 L
6255 491 mt 6255 491 L
SO
899 437 mt 925 437 L
6255 437 mt 6228 437 L
DO
899 437 mt 6255 437 L
6255 437 mt 6255 437 L
SO
899 389 mt 925 389 L
6255 389 mt 6228 389 L
DO
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
899 389 mt 952 389 L
6255 389 mt 6201 389 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 433 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 359 mt
(0) s
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
24 w
/c8 { 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c8
-1005 31 -1004 36 -1004 30 -1004 22 -1005 17 6255 448 6 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 1087 302 5315 429 rc
6213 406 mt 6297 490 L
6297 406 mt 6213 490 L
5208 423 mt 5292 507 L
5292 423 mt 5208 507 L
4204 445 mt 4288 529 L
4288 445 mt 4204 529 L
3200 475 mt 3284 559 L
3284 475 mt 3200 559 L
2196 511 mt 2280 595 L
2280 511 mt 2196 595 L
1191 542 mt 1275 626 L
1275 542 mt 1191 626 L
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
/c9 { 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c9
-1005 113 -1004 113 -1004 94 -1004 80 -1005 59 6255 764 6 MP stroke
gr
c9
gs 1087 618 5315 752 rc
60 60 6255 764 FO
60 60 5250 823 FO
60 60 4246 903 FO
60 60 3242 997 FO
60 60 2238 1110 FO
60 60 1233 1223 FO
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
/c10 { 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 sr} bdef
c10
-1005 201 -1004 166 -1004 148 -1004 118 -1005 133 6255 1241 6 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 1087 1095 5315 1059 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 6208 1194 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5203 1327 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4199 1445 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3195 1593 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2191 1759 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1186 1960 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
DA
c8
-1005 61 -1004 56 -1004 14 -1004 -48 -1005 -82 6255 701 6 MP stroke
gr
c8
DA
gs 1087 425 5315 424 rc
SO
6213 659 mt 6297 743 L
6297 659 mt 6213 743 L
5208 577 mt 5292 661 L
5292 577 mt 5208 661 L
4204 529 mt 4288 613 L
4288 529 mt 4204 613 L
3200 543 mt 3284 627 L
3284 543 mt 3200 627 L
2196 599 mt 2280 683 L
2280 599 mt 2196 683 L
1191 660 mt 1275 744 L
1275 660 mt 1191 744 L
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
c9
-1005 77 -1004 -109 -1004 -177 -1004 -192 -1005 -85 6255 1961 6 MP stroke
gr
c9
gs 1087 1252 5315 856 rc
SO
60 60 6255 1961 FO
60 60 5250 1876 FO
60 60 4246 1684 FO
60 60 3242 1507 FO
60 60 2238 1398 FO
60 60 1233 1475 FO
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
c10
-1005 -296 -1004 -294 -1004 -297 -1004 -113 -1005 92 6255 3617 6 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 1087 2563 5315 1293 rc
SO
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 6208 3570 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5203 3662 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4199 3549 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3195 3252 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2191 2958 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1186 2662 5 MP
DP
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
gr
0 sg
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 168 FMSR
2958 4938 mt
(Interference [dB]) s
548 3035 mt -90 rotate
(FER Stream 1) s
90 rotate
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
882 4658 mt
( ) s
6239 431 mt
( ) s
SO
6 w
1 sg
0 918 1536 0 0 -918 959 4556 4 MP
PP
-1536 0 0 918 1536 0 0 -918 959 4556 5 MP stroke
4 w
DO
SO
6 w
0 sg
959 4556 mt 2495 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2495 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2495 4556 mt 2495 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2495 4556 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2495 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2495 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2495 4556 mt 2495 3638 L
1423 3770 mt
(MMSE, SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
24 w
c8
356 0 1030 3727 2 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 1062 3581 293 293 rc
1166 3685 mt 1250 3769 L
1250 3685 mt 1166 3769 L
gr
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
gr
0 sg
1423 3918 mt
(MMSE, SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
c9
356 0 1030 3875 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 3729 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 3875 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1423 4066 mt
(MMSE, SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
c10
356 0 1030 4023 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 3877 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 3976 5 MP
DP
gr
gr
c10
0 sg
1423 4213 mt
(ML, SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
DA
c8
356 0 1030 4170 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 4024 293 293 rc
1166 4128 mt 1250 4212 L
1250 4128 mt 1166 4212 L
gr
gr
c8
0 sg
1423 4361 mt
(ML, SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
DA
c9
356 0 1030 4318 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 4172 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 4318 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1423 4509 mt
(ML, SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
DA
c10
356 0 1030 4466 2 MP stroke
SO
gr
c10
gs 1062 4320 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 4419 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
6 w
gr
6 w
end %%Color Dict
eplot
%%EndObject
epage
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showpage
%%Trailer
%%EOF
@@ -1,902 +0,0 @@
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/c2 { 0.900000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
/c3 { 0.000000 0.820000 0.000000 sr} bdef
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1 j
1 sg
0 0 6913 5186 rf
6 w
0 4226 5356 0 0 -4226 899 4615 4 MP
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-5356 0 0 4226 5356 0 0 -4226 899 4615 5 MP stroke
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DO
0 sg
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 389 mt 899 389 L
1568 4615 mt 1568 389 L
1568 389 mt 1568 389 L
2238 4615 mt 2238 389 L
2238 389 mt 2238 389 L
2907 4615 mt 2907 389 L
2907 389 mt 2907 389 L
3577 4615 mt 3577 389 L
3577 389 mt 3577 389 L
4246 4615 mt 4246 389 L
4246 389 mt 4246 389 L
4916 4615 mt 4916 389 L
4916 389 mt 4916 389 L
5585 4615 mt 5585 389 L
5585 389 mt 5585 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 3769 mt 6255 3769 L
6255 3769 mt 6255 3769 L
899 2924 mt 6255 2924 L
6255 2924 mt 6255 2924 L
899 2079 mt 6255 2079 L
6255 2079 mt 6255 2079 L
899 1234 mt 6255 1234 L
6255 1234 mt 6255 1234 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
6 w
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 4561 L
899 389 mt 899 442 L
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763 4760 mt
(-10) s
1568 4615 mt 1568 4561 L
1568 389 mt 1568 442 L
1465 4760 mt
(-8) s
2238 4615 mt 2238 4561 L
2238 389 mt 2238 442 L
2135 4760 mt
(-6) s
2907 4615 mt 2907 4561 L
2907 389 mt 2907 442 L
2804 4760 mt
(-4) s
3577 4615 mt 3577 4561 L
3577 389 mt 3577 442 L
3474 4760 mt
(-2) s
4246 4615 mt 4246 4561 L
4246 389 mt 4246 442 L
4213 4760 mt
(0) s
4916 4615 mt 4916 4561 L
4916 389 mt 4916 442 L
4883 4760 mt
(2) s
5585 4615 mt 5585 4561 L
5585 389 mt 5585 442 L
5552 4760 mt
(4) s
6255 4615 mt 6255 4561 L
6255 389 mt 6255 442 L
6222 4760 mt
(6) s
899 4615 mt 925 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6228 4615 L
DO
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
SO
899 4615 mt 952 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6201 4615 L
640 4659 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 4585 mt
(-5) s
899 4360 mt 925 4360 L
6255 4360 mt 6228 4360 L
DO
899 4360 mt 6255 4360 L
6255 4360 mt 6255 4360 L
SO
899 4211 mt 925 4211 L
6255 4211 mt 6228 4211 L
DO
899 4211 mt 6255 4211 L
6255 4211 mt 6255 4211 L
SO
899 4106 mt 925 4106 L
6255 4106 mt 6228 4106 L
DO
899 4106 mt 6255 4106 L
6255 4106 mt 6255 4106 L
SO
899 4024 mt 925 4024 L
6255 4024 mt 6228 4024 L
DO
899 4024 mt 6255 4024 L
6255 4024 mt 6255 4024 L
SO
899 3957 mt 925 3957 L
6255 3957 mt 6228 3957 L
DO
899 3957 mt 6255 3957 L
6255 3957 mt 6255 3957 L
SO
899 3900 mt 925 3900 L
6255 3900 mt 6228 3900 L
DO
899 3900 mt 6255 3900 L
6255 3900 mt 6255 3900 L
SO
899 3851 mt 925 3851 L
6255 3851 mt 6228 3851 L
DO
899 3851 mt 6255 3851 L
6255 3851 mt 6255 3851 L
SO
899 3808 mt 925 3808 L
6255 3808 mt 6228 3808 L
DO
899 3808 mt 6255 3808 L
6255 3808 mt 6255 3808 L
SO
899 3769 mt 925 3769 L
6255 3769 mt 6228 3769 L
DO
899 3769 mt 6255 3769 L
6255 3769 mt 6255 3769 L
SO
899 3769 mt 952 3769 L
6255 3769 mt 6201 3769 L
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 3813 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 3739 mt
(-4) s
899 3515 mt 925 3515 L
6255 3515 mt 6228 3515 L
DO
899 3515 mt 6255 3515 L
6255 3515 mt 6255 3515 L
SO
899 3366 mt 925 3366 L
6255 3366 mt 6228 3366 L
DO
899 3366 mt 6255 3366 L
6255 3366 mt 6255 3366 L
SO
899 3260 mt 925 3260 L
6255 3260 mt 6228 3260 L
DO
899 3260 mt 6255 3260 L
6255 3260 mt 6255 3260 L
SO
899 3179 mt 925 3179 L
6255 3179 mt 6228 3179 L
DO
899 3179 mt 6255 3179 L
6255 3179 mt 6255 3179 L
SO
899 3112 mt 925 3112 L
6255 3112 mt 6228 3112 L
DO
899 3112 mt 6255 3112 L
6255 3112 mt 6255 3112 L
SO
899 3055 mt 925 3055 L
6255 3055 mt 6228 3055 L
DO
899 3055 mt 6255 3055 L
6255 3055 mt 6255 3055 L
SO
899 3006 mt 925 3006 L
6255 3006 mt 6228 3006 L
DO
899 3006 mt 6255 3006 L
6255 3006 mt 6255 3006 L
SO
899 2963 mt 925 2963 L
6255 2963 mt 6228 2963 L
DO
899 2963 mt 6255 2963 L
6255 2963 mt 6255 2963 L
SO
899 2924 mt 925 2924 L
6255 2924 mt 6228 2924 L
DO
899 2924 mt 6255 2924 L
6255 2924 mt 6255 2924 L
SO
899 2924 mt 952 2924 L
6255 2924 mt 6201 2924 L
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 2968 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 2894 mt
(-3) s
899 2670 mt 925 2670 L
6255 2670 mt 6228 2670 L
DO
899 2670 mt 6255 2670 L
6255 2670 mt 6255 2670 L
SO
899 2521 mt 925 2521 L
6255 2521 mt 6228 2521 L
DO
899 2521 mt 6255 2521 L
6255 2521 mt 6255 2521 L
SO
899 2415 mt 925 2415 L
6255 2415 mt 6228 2415 L
DO
899 2415 mt 6255 2415 L
6255 2415 mt 6255 2415 L
SO
899 2333 mt 925 2333 L
6255 2333 mt 6228 2333 L
DO
899 2333 mt 6255 2333 L
6255 2333 mt 6255 2333 L
SO
899 2266 mt 925 2266 L
6255 2266 mt 6228 2266 L
DO
899 2266 mt 6255 2266 L
6255 2266 mt 6255 2266 L
SO
899 2210 mt 925 2210 L
6255 2210 mt 6228 2210 L
DO
899 2210 mt 6255 2210 L
6255 2210 mt 6255 2210 L
SO
899 2161 mt 925 2161 L
6255 2161 mt 6228 2161 L
DO
899 2161 mt 6255 2161 L
6255 2161 mt 6255 2161 L
SO
899 2118 mt 925 2118 L
6255 2118 mt 6228 2118 L
DO
899 2118 mt 6255 2118 L
6255 2118 mt 6255 2118 L
SO
899 2079 mt 925 2079 L
6255 2079 mt 6228 2079 L
DO
899 2079 mt 6255 2079 L
6255 2079 mt 6255 2079 L
SO
899 2079 mt 952 2079 L
6255 2079 mt 6201 2079 L
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 2123 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 2049 mt
(-2) s
899 1824 mt 925 1824 L
6255 1824 mt 6228 1824 L
DO
899 1824 mt 6255 1824 L
6255 1824 mt 6255 1824 L
SO
899 1676 mt 925 1676 L
6255 1676 mt 6228 1676 L
DO
899 1676 mt 6255 1676 L
6255 1676 mt 6255 1676 L
SO
899 1570 mt 925 1570 L
6255 1570 mt 6228 1570 L
DO
899 1570 mt 6255 1570 L
6255 1570 mt 6255 1570 L
SO
899 1488 mt 925 1488 L
6255 1488 mt 6228 1488 L
DO
899 1488 mt 6255 1488 L
6255 1488 mt 6255 1488 L
SO
899 1421 mt 925 1421 L
6255 1421 mt 6228 1421 L
DO
899 1421 mt 6255 1421 L
6255 1421 mt 6255 1421 L
SO
899 1365 mt 925 1365 L
6255 1365 mt 6228 1365 L
DO
899 1365 mt 6255 1365 L
6255 1365 mt 6255 1365 L
SO
899 1316 mt 925 1316 L
6255 1316 mt 6228 1316 L
DO
899 1316 mt 6255 1316 L
6255 1316 mt 6255 1316 L
SO
899 1272 mt 925 1272 L
6255 1272 mt 6228 1272 L
DO
899 1272 mt 6255 1272 L
6255 1272 mt 6255 1272 L
SO
899 1234 mt 925 1234 L
6255 1234 mt 6228 1234 L
DO
899 1234 mt 6255 1234 L
6255 1234 mt 6255 1234 L
SO
899 1234 mt 952 1234 L
6255 1234 mt 6201 1234 L
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 1278 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 1204 mt
(-1) s
899 979 mt 925 979 L
6255 979 mt 6228 979 L
DO
899 979 mt 6255 979 L
6255 979 mt 6255 979 L
SO
899 830 mt 925 830 L
6255 830 mt 6228 830 L
DO
899 830 mt 6255 830 L
6255 830 mt 6255 830 L
SO
899 725 mt 925 725 L
6255 725 mt 6228 725 L
DO
899 725 mt 6255 725 L
6255 725 mt 6255 725 L
SO
899 643 mt 925 643 L
6255 643 mt 6228 643 L
DO
899 643 mt 6255 643 L
6255 643 mt 6255 643 L
SO
899 576 mt 925 576 L
6255 576 mt 6228 576 L
DO
899 576 mt 6255 576 L
6255 576 mt 6255 576 L
SO
899 519 mt 925 519 L
6255 519 mt 6228 519 L
DO
899 519 mt 6255 519 L
6255 519 mt 6255 519 L
SO
899 470 mt 925 470 L
6255 470 mt 6228 470 L
DO
899 470 mt 6255 470 L
6255 470 mt 6255 470 L
SO
899 427 mt 925 427 L
6255 427 mt 6228 427 L
DO
899 427 mt 6255 427 L
6255 427 mt 6255 427 L
SO
899 389 mt 925 389 L
6255 389 mt 6228 389 L
DO
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
899 389 mt 952 389 L
6255 389 mt 6201 389 L
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640 433 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
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773 359 mt
(0) s
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
24 w
/c8 { 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c8
-1005 28 -1004 27 -1004 20 -1004 13 -1005 8 6255 403 6 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 1087 257 5315 389 rc
6213 361 mt 6297 445 L
6297 361 mt 6213 445 L
5208 369 mt 5292 453 L
5292 369 mt 5208 453 L
4204 382 mt 4288 466 L
4288 382 mt 4204 466 L
3200 402 mt 3284 486 L
3284 402 mt 3200 486 L
2196 429 mt 2280 513 L
2280 429 mt 2196 513 L
1191 457 mt 1275 541 L
1275 457 mt 1191 541 L
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
/c9 { 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c9
-1005 148 -1004 146 -1004 125 -1004 93 -1005 72 6255 670 6 MP stroke
gr
c9
gs 1087 524 5315 877 rc
60 60 6255 670 FO
60 60 5250 742 FO
60 60 4246 835 FO
60 60 3242 960 FO
60 60 2238 1106 FO
60 60 1233 1254 FO
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
/c10 { 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 sr} bdef
c10
-1005 194 -1004 261 -1004 214 -1004 187 -1005 256 6255 1332 6 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 1087 1186 5315 1405 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 6208 1285 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5203 1541 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4199 1728 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3195 1942 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2191 2203 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1186 2397 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
DA
c8
-1005 65 -1004 56 -1004 3 -1004 -57 -1005 -68 6255 599 6 MP stroke
gr
c8
DA
gs 1087 328 5315 418 rc
SO
6213 557 mt 6297 641 L
6297 557 mt 6213 641 L
5208 489 mt 5292 573 L
5292 489 mt 5208 573 L
4204 432 mt 4288 516 L
4288 432 mt 4204 516 L
3200 435 mt 3284 519 L
3284 435 mt 3200 519 L
2196 491 mt 2280 575 L
2280 491 mt 2196 575 L
1191 556 mt 1275 640 L
1275 556 mt 1191 640 L
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
c9
-1005 153 -1004 -92 -1004 -256 -1004 -216 -1005 -126 6255 2080 6 MP stroke
gr
c9
gs 1087 1244 5315 983 rc
SO
60 60 6255 2080 FO
60 60 5250 1954 FO
60 60 4246 1738 FO
60 60 3242 1482 FO
60 60 2238 1390 FO
60 60 1233 1543 FO
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
c10
-1005 -347 -1004 -311 -1004 -403 -1004 254 -1005 -254 6255 4360 6 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 1087 3153 5315 1354 rc
SO
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 6208 4313 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5203 4059 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4199 4313 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3195 3910 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2191 3599 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1186 3252 5 MP
DP
DA
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
gr
0 sg
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 168 FMSR
2958 4938 mt
(Interference [dB]) s
548 3035 mt -90 rotate
(FER Stream 1) s
90 rotate
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
882 4658 mt
( ) s
6239 431 mt
( ) s
SO
6 w
1 sg
0 918 1536 0 0 -918 959 4556 4 MP
PP
-1536 0 0 918 1536 0 0 -918 959 4556 5 MP stroke
4 w
DO
SO
6 w
0 sg
959 4556 mt 2495 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2495 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2495 4556 mt 2495 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2495 4556 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2495 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2495 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2495 4556 mt 2495 3638 L
1423 3770 mt
(MMSE, SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
24 w
c8
356 0 1030 3727 2 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 1062 3581 293 293 rc
1166 3685 mt 1250 3769 L
1250 3685 mt 1166 3769 L
gr
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
gr
0 sg
1423 3918 mt
(MMSE, SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
c9
356 0 1030 3875 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 3729 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 3875 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1423 4066 mt
(MMSE, SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
c10
356 0 1030 4023 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 3877 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 3976 5 MP
DP
gr
gr
c10
0 sg
1423 4213 mt
(ML, SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
DA
c8
356 0 1030 4170 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 4024 293 293 rc
1166 4128 mt 1250 4212 L
1250 4128 mt 1166 4212 L
gr
gr
c8
0 sg
1423 4361 mt
(ML, SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
DA
c9
356 0 1030 4318 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 4172 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 4318 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1423 4509 mt
(ML, SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
DA
c10
356 0 1030 4466 2 MP stroke
SO
gr
c10
gs 1062 4320 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 4419 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 959 3638 1537 919 rc
6 w
gr
6 w
end %%Color Dict
eplot
%%EndObject
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showpage
%%Trailer
%%EOF
@@ -1,860 +0,0 @@
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0 4226 5356 0 0 -4226 899 4615 4 MP
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899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 389 mt 899 389 L
1494 4615 mt 1494 389 L
1494 389 mt 1494 389 L
2089 4615 mt 2089 389 L
2089 389 mt 2089 389 L
2684 4615 mt 2684 389 L
2684 389 mt 2684 389 L
3279 4615 mt 3279 389 L
3279 389 mt 3279 389 L
3874 4615 mt 3874 389 L
3874 389 mt 3874 389 L
4469 4615 mt 4469 389 L
4469 389 mt 4469 389 L
5064 4615 mt 5064 389 L
5064 389 mt 5064 389 L
5659 4615 mt 5659 389 L
5659 389 mt 5659 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
899 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
899 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
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6 w
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 4561 L
899 389 mt 899 442 L
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1494 4615 mt 1494 4561 L
1494 389 mt 1494 442 L
1391 4760 mt
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2089 4615 mt 2089 4561 L
2089 389 mt 2089 442 L
1986 4760 mt
(-6) s
2684 4615 mt 2684 4561 L
2684 389 mt 2684 442 L
2581 4760 mt
(-4) s
3279 4615 mt 3279 4561 L
3279 389 mt 3279 442 L
3176 4760 mt
(-2) s
3874 4615 mt 3874 4561 L
3874 389 mt 3874 442 L
3841 4760 mt
(0) s
4469 4615 mt 4469 4561 L
4469 389 mt 4469 442 L
4436 4760 mt
(2) s
5064 4615 mt 5064 4561 L
5064 389 mt 5064 442 L
5031 4760 mt
(4) s
5659 4615 mt 5659 4561 L
5659 389 mt 5659 442 L
5626 4760 mt
(6) s
6255 4615 mt 6255 4561 L
6255 389 mt 6255 442 L
6222 4760 mt
(8) s
899 4615 mt 925 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6228 4615 L
DO
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
SO
899 4615 mt 952 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6201 4615 L
640 4659 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
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773 4585 mt
(-4) s
899 4296 mt 925 4296 L
6255 4296 mt 6228 4296 L
DO
899 4296 mt 6255 4296 L
6255 4296 mt 6255 4296 L
SO
899 4110 mt 925 4110 L
6255 4110 mt 6228 4110 L
DO
899 4110 mt 6255 4110 L
6255 4110 mt 6255 4110 L
SO
899 3978 mt 925 3978 L
6255 3978 mt 6228 3978 L
DO
899 3978 mt 6255 3978 L
6255 3978 mt 6255 3978 L
SO
899 3876 mt 925 3876 L
6255 3876 mt 6228 3876 L
DO
899 3876 mt 6255 3876 L
6255 3876 mt 6255 3876 L
SO
899 3792 mt 925 3792 L
6255 3792 mt 6228 3792 L
DO
899 3792 mt 6255 3792 L
6255 3792 mt 6255 3792 L
SO
899 3722 mt 925 3722 L
6255 3722 mt 6228 3722 L
DO
899 3722 mt 6255 3722 L
6255 3722 mt 6255 3722 L
SO
899 3660 mt 925 3660 L
6255 3660 mt 6228 3660 L
DO
899 3660 mt 6255 3660 L
6255 3660 mt 6255 3660 L
SO
899 3606 mt 925 3606 L
6255 3606 mt 6228 3606 L
DO
899 3606 mt 6255 3606 L
6255 3606 mt 6255 3606 L
SO
899 3558 mt 925 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6228 3558 L
DO
899 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6255 3558 L
SO
899 3558 mt 952 3558 L
6255 3558 mt 6201 3558 L
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 3602 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 3528 mt
(-3) s
899 3240 mt 925 3240 L
6255 3240 mt 6228 3240 L
DO
899 3240 mt 6255 3240 L
6255 3240 mt 6255 3240 L
SO
899 3054 mt 925 3054 L
6255 3054 mt 6228 3054 L
DO
899 3054 mt 6255 3054 L
6255 3054 mt 6255 3054 L
SO
899 2922 mt 925 2922 L
6255 2922 mt 6228 2922 L
DO
899 2922 mt 6255 2922 L
6255 2922 mt 6255 2922 L
SO
899 2820 mt 925 2820 L
6255 2820 mt 6228 2820 L
DO
899 2820 mt 6255 2820 L
6255 2820 mt 6255 2820 L
SO
899 2736 mt 925 2736 L
6255 2736 mt 6228 2736 L
DO
899 2736 mt 6255 2736 L
6255 2736 mt 6255 2736 L
SO
899 2665 mt 925 2665 L
6255 2665 mt 6228 2665 L
DO
899 2665 mt 6255 2665 L
6255 2665 mt 6255 2665 L
SO
899 2604 mt 925 2604 L
6255 2604 mt 6228 2604 L
DO
899 2604 mt 6255 2604 L
6255 2604 mt 6255 2604 L
SO
899 2550 mt 925 2550 L
6255 2550 mt 6228 2550 L
DO
899 2550 mt 6255 2550 L
6255 2550 mt 6255 2550 L
SO
899 2502 mt 925 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6228 2502 L
DO
899 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6255 2502 L
SO
899 2502 mt 952 2502 L
6255 2502 mt 6201 2502 L
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 2546 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 2472 mt
(-2) s
899 2183 mt 925 2183 L
6255 2183 mt 6228 2183 L
DO
899 2183 mt 6255 2183 L
6255 2183 mt 6255 2183 L
SO
899 1997 mt 925 1997 L
6255 1997 mt 6228 1997 L
DO
899 1997 mt 6255 1997 L
6255 1997 mt 6255 1997 L
SO
899 1865 mt 925 1865 L
6255 1865 mt 6228 1865 L
DO
899 1865 mt 6255 1865 L
6255 1865 mt 6255 1865 L
SO
899 1763 mt 925 1763 L
6255 1763 mt 6228 1763 L
DO
899 1763 mt 6255 1763 L
6255 1763 mt 6255 1763 L
SO
899 1679 mt 925 1679 L
6255 1679 mt 6228 1679 L
DO
899 1679 mt 6255 1679 L
6255 1679 mt 6255 1679 L
SO
899 1609 mt 925 1609 L
6255 1609 mt 6228 1609 L
DO
899 1609 mt 6255 1609 L
6255 1609 mt 6255 1609 L
SO
899 1547 mt 925 1547 L
6255 1547 mt 6228 1547 L
DO
899 1547 mt 6255 1547 L
6255 1547 mt 6255 1547 L
SO
899 1493 mt 925 1493 L
6255 1493 mt 6228 1493 L
DO
899 1493 mt 6255 1493 L
6255 1493 mt 6255 1493 L
SO
899 1445 mt 925 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6228 1445 L
DO
899 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6255 1445 L
SO
899 1445 mt 952 1445 L
6255 1445 mt 6201 1445 L
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640 1489 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 1415 mt
(-1) s
899 1127 mt 925 1127 L
6255 1127 mt 6228 1127 L
DO
899 1127 mt 6255 1127 L
6255 1127 mt 6255 1127 L
SO
899 941 mt 925 941 L
6255 941 mt 6228 941 L
DO
899 941 mt 6255 941 L
6255 941 mt 6255 941 L
SO
899 809 mt 925 809 L
6255 809 mt 6228 809 L
DO
899 809 mt 6255 809 L
6255 809 mt 6255 809 L
SO
899 707 mt 925 707 L
6255 707 mt 6228 707 L
DO
899 707 mt 6255 707 L
6255 707 mt 6255 707 L
SO
899 623 mt 925 623 L
6255 623 mt 6228 623 L
DO
899 623 mt 6255 623 L
6255 623 mt 6255 623 L
SO
899 552 mt 925 552 L
6255 552 mt 6228 552 L
DO
899 552 mt 6255 552 L
6255 552 mt 6255 552 L
SO
899 491 mt 925 491 L
6255 491 mt 6228 491 L
DO
899 491 mt 6255 491 L
6255 491 mt 6255 491 L
SO
899 437 mt 925 437 L
6255 437 mt 6228 437 L
DO
899 437 mt 6255 437 L
6255 437 mt 6255 437 L
SO
899 389 mt 925 389 L
6255 389 mt 6228 389 L
DO
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
899 389 mt 952 389 L
6255 389 mt 6201 389 L
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640 433 mt
(10) s
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773 359 mt
(0) s
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
DA
24 w
/c8 { 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c8
-893 61 -892 56 -893 14 -893 -48 -892 -82 5659 701 6 MP stroke
gs 1050 425 4756 424 rc
SO
5617 659 mt 5701 743 L
5701 659 mt 5617 743 L
4725 577 mt 4809 661 L
4809 577 mt 4725 661 L
3832 529 mt 3916 613 L
3916 529 mt 3832 613 L
2939 543 mt 3023 627 L
3023 543 mt 2939 627 L
2047 599 mt 2131 683 L
2131 599 mt 2047 683 L
1154 660 mt 1238 744 L
1238 660 mt 1154 744 L
DA
gr
/c9 { 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c9
-893 77 -892 -109 -893 -177 -893 -192 -892 -85 5659 1961 6 MP stroke
gs 1050 1252 4756 856 rc
SO
60 60 5659 1961 FO
60 60 4767 1876 FO
60 60 3874 1684 FO
60 60 2981 1507 FO
60 60 2089 1398 FO
60 60 1196 1475 FO
DA
gr
/c10 { 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 sr} bdef
c10
-893 -296 -892 -294 -893 -297 -893 -113 -892 92 5659 3617 6 MP stroke
gs 1050 2563 4756 1293 rc
SO
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5612 3570 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4720 3662 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3827 3549 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2934 3252 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2042 2958 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1149 2662 5 MP
DP
DA
gr
SO
c8
-895 83 -524 42 -372 15 -288 -4 -236 -7 -199 -8 -173 -11 -152 -9
-136 -14 -524 -60 -1556 -209 5954 1572 12 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
gs 753 1104 5348 615 rc
5912 1530 mt 5996 1614 L
5996 1530 mt 5912 1614 L
4356 1321 mt 4440 1405 L
4440 1321 mt 4356 1405 L
3832 1261 mt 3916 1345 L
3916 1261 mt 3832 1345 L
3696 1247 mt 3780 1331 L
3780 1247 mt 3696 1331 L
3544 1238 mt 3628 1322 L
3628 1238 mt 3544 1322 L
3371 1227 mt 3455 1311 L
3455 1227 mt 3371 1311 L
3172 1219 mt 3256 1303 L
3256 1219 mt 3172 1303 L
2936 1212 mt 3020 1296 L
3020 1212 mt 2936 1296 L
2648 1208 mt 2732 1292 L
2732 1208 mt 2648 1292 L
2276 1223 mt 2360 1307 L
2360 1223 mt 2276 1307 L
1752 1265 mt 1836 1349 L
1836 1265 mt 1752 1349 L
857 1348 mt 941 1432 L
941 1348 mt 857 1432 L
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
c9
-895 3 -524 -45 -372 -35 -288 -47 -236 -34 -199 -43 -173 -22 -152 -29
-136 -10 -524 -58 -1556 -56 5954 2685 12 MP stroke
gr
c9
gs 753 2160 5348 672 rc
60 60 5954 2685 FO
60 60 4398 2629 FO
60 60 3874 2571 FO
60 60 3738 2561 FO
60 60 3586 2532 FO
60 60 3413 2510 FO
60 60 3214 2467 FO
60 60 2978 2433 FO
60 60 2690 2386 FO
60 60 2318 2351 FO
60 60 1794 2306 FO
60 60 899 2309 FO
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
c10
-895 -115 -524 -70 -372 -29 -288 -13 -236 -19 -199 -2 -173 -11 -152 -6
-136 -11 -524 -1 -1556 59 5954 3306 12 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 753 2942 5348 570 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5907 3259 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4351 3318 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3827 3317 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3691 3306 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3539 3300 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3366 3289 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3167 3287 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2931 3268 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2643 3255 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2271 3226 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1747 3156 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 852 3041 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 899 389 5357 4227 rc
gr
0 sg
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2958 4938 mt
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548 3035 mt -90 rotate
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/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
882 4658 mt
( ) s
6239 431 mt
( ) s
6 w
1 sg
0 918 1703 0 0 -918 959 4556 4 MP
PP
-1703 0 0 918 1703 0 0 -918 959 4556 5 MP stroke
4 w
DO
SO
6 w
0 sg
959 4556 mt 2662 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2662 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2662 4556 mt 2662 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2662 4556 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2662 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2662 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2662 4556 mt 2662 3638 L
1422 3770 mt
(ML, SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
DA
24 w
c8
355 0 1030 3727 2 MP stroke
SO
gr
24 w
c8
gs 1062 3581 293 293 rc
1166 3685 mt 1250 3769 L
1250 3685 mt 1166 3769 L
gr
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
gr
0 sg
1422 3918 mt
(ML, SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
DA
c9
355 0 1030 3875 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 3729 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 3875 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1422 4066 mt
(ML, SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
DA
c10
355 0 1030 4023 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 3877 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 3976 5 MP
DP
gr
gr
c10
0 sg
1422 4213 mt
(ML Matlab SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
c8
355 0 1030 4170 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 4024 293 293 rc
1166 4128 mt 1250 4212 L
1250 4128 mt 1166 4212 L
gr
gr
c8
0 sg
1422 4361 mt
(ML Matlab SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
c9
355 0 1030 4318 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 4172 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 4318 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1422 4509 mt
(ML Matlab SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
c10
355 0 1030 4466 2 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 1062 4320 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 4419 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 959 3638 1704 919 rc
6 w
gr
6 w
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899 389 mt 899 389 L
1494 4615 mt 1494 389 L
1494 389 mt 1494 389 L
2089 4615 mt 2089 389 L
2089 389 mt 2089 389 L
2684 4615 mt 2684 389 L
2684 389 mt 2684 389 L
3279 4615 mt 3279 389 L
3279 389 mt 3279 389 L
3874 4615 mt 3874 389 L
3874 389 mt 3874 389 L
4469 4615 mt 4469 389 L
4469 389 mt 4469 389 L
5064 4615 mt 5064 389 L
5064 389 mt 5064 389 L
5659 4615 mt 5659 389 L
5659 389 mt 5659 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 3206 mt 6255 3206 L
6255 3206 mt 6255 3206 L
899 1797 mt 6255 1797 L
6255 1797 mt 6255 1797 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
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6 w
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 4561 L
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1494 4615 mt 1494 4561 L
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1391 4760 mt
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2089 4615 mt 2089 4561 L
2089 389 mt 2089 442 L
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(-6) s
2684 4615 mt 2684 4561 L
2684 389 mt 2684 442 L
2581 4760 mt
(-4) s
3279 4615 mt 3279 4561 L
3279 389 mt 3279 442 L
3176 4760 mt
(-2) s
3874 4615 mt 3874 4561 L
3874 389 mt 3874 442 L
3841 4760 mt
(0) s
4469 4615 mt 4469 4561 L
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4436 4760 mt
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5064 389 mt 5064 442 L
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5659 389 mt 5659 442 L
5626 4760 mt
(6) s
6255 4615 mt 6255 4561 L
6255 389 mt 6255 442 L
6222 4760 mt
(8) s
899 4615 mt 925 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6228 4615 L
DO
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
SO
899 4615 mt 952 4615 L
6255 4615 mt 6201 4615 L
640 4659 mt
(10) s
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773 4585 mt
(-3) s
899 4190 mt 925 4190 L
6255 4190 mt 6228 4190 L
DO
899 4190 mt 6255 4190 L
6255 4190 mt 6255 4190 L
SO
899 3942 mt 925 3942 L
6255 3942 mt 6228 3942 L
DO
899 3942 mt 6255 3942 L
6255 3942 mt 6255 3942 L
SO
899 3766 mt 925 3766 L
6255 3766 mt 6228 3766 L
DO
899 3766 mt 6255 3766 L
6255 3766 mt 6255 3766 L
SO
899 3630 mt 925 3630 L
6255 3630 mt 6228 3630 L
DO
899 3630 mt 6255 3630 L
6255 3630 mt 6255 3630 L
SO
899 3518 mt 925 3518 L
6255 3518 mt 6228 3518 L
DO
899 3518 mt 6255 3518 L
6255 3518 mt 6255 3518 L
SO
899 3424 mt 925 3424 L
6255 3424 mt 6228 3424 L
DO
899 3424 mt 6255 3424 L
6255 3424 mt 6255 3424 L
SO
899 3342 mt 925 3342 L
6255 3342 mt 6228 3342 L
DO
899 3342 mt 6255 3342 L
6255 3342 mt 6255 3342 L
SO
899 3270 mt 925 3270 L
6255 3270 mt 6228 3270 L
DO
899 3270 mt 6255 3270 L
6255 3270 mt 6255 3270 L
SO
899 3206 mt 925 3206 L
6255 3206 mt 6228 3206 L
DO
899 3206 mt 6255 3206 L
6255 3206 mt 6255 3206 L
SO
899 3206 mt 952 3206 L
6255 3206 mt 6201 3206 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 3250 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 3176 mt
(-2) s
899 2782 mt 925 2782 L
6255 2782 mt 6228 2782 L
DO
899 2782 mt 6255 2782 L
6255 2782 mt 6255 2782 L
SO
899 2534 mt 925 2534 L
6255 2534 mt 6228 2534 L
DO
899 2534 mt 6255 2534 L
6255 2534 mt 6255 2534 L
SO
899 2358 mt 925 2358 L
6255 2358 mt 6228 2358 L
DO
899 2358 mt 6255 2358 L
6255 2358 mt 6255 2358 L
SO
899 2221 mt 925 2221 L
6255 2221 mt 6228 2221 L
DO
899 2221 mt 6255 2221 L
6255 2221 mt 6255 2221 L
SO
899 2110 mt 925 2110 L
6255 2110 mt 6228 2110 L
DO
899 2110 mt 6255 2110 L
6255 2110 mt 6255 2110 L
SO
899 2015 mt 925 2015 L
6255 2015 mt 6228 2015 L
DO
899 2015 mt 6255 2015 L
6255 2015 mt 6255 2015 L
SO
899 1934 mt 925 1934 L
6255 1934 mt 6228 1934 L
DO
899 1934 mt 6255 1934 L
6255 1934 mt 6255 1934 L
SO
899 1862 mt 925 1862 L
6255 1862 mt 6228 1862 L
DO
899 1862 mt 6255 1862 L
6255 1862 mt 6255 1862 L
SO
899 1797 mt 925 1797 L
6255 1797 mt 6228 1797 L
DO
899 1797 mt 6255 1797 L
6255 1797 mt 6255 1797 L
SO
899 1797 mt 952 1797 L
6255 1797 mt 6201 1797 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 1841 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 1767 mt
(-1) s
899 1373 mt 925 1373 L
6255 1373 mt 6228 1373 L
DO
899 1373 mt 6255 1373 L
6255 1373 mt 6255 1373 L
SO
899 1125 mt 925 1125 L
6255 1125 mt 6228 1125 L
DO
899 1125 mt 6255 1125 L
6255 1125 mt 6255 1125 L
SO
899 949 mt 925 949 L
6255 949 mt 6228 949 L
DO
899 949 mt 6255 949 L
6255 949 mt 6255 949 L
SO
899 813 mt 925 813 L
6255 813 mt 6228 813 L
DO
899 813 mt 6255 813 L
6255 813 mt 6255 813 L
SO
899 701 mt 925 701 L
6255 701 mt 6228 701 L
DO
899 701 mt 6255 701 L
6255 701 mt 6255 701 L
SO
899 607 mt 925 607 L
6255 607 mt 6228 607 L
DO
899 607 mt 6255 607 L
6255 607 mt 6255 607 L
SO
899 525 mt 925 525 L
6255 525 mt 6228 525 L
DO
899 525 mt 6255 525 L
6255 525 mt 6255 525 L
SO
899 453 mt 925 453 L
6255 453 mt 6228 453 L
DO
899 453 mt 6255 453 L
6255 453 mt 6255 453 L
SO
899 389 mt 925 389 L
6255 389 mt 6228 389 L
DO
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
6255 389 mt 6255 389 L
SO
899 389 mt 952 389 L
6255 389 mt 6201 389 L
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
640 433 mt
(10) s
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 80 FMSR
773 359 mt
(0) s
899 4615 mt 6255 4615 L
899 389 mt 6255 389 L
899 4615 mt 899 389 L
6255 4615 mt 6255 389 L
gs 899 388 5357 4228 rc
DA
24 w
/c8 { 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c8
-893 41 -892 48 -893 40 -893 30 -892 22 5659 468 6 MP stroke
gr
24 w
c8
DA
gs 1050 322 4756 474 rc
SO
5617 426 mt 5701 510 L
5701 426 mt 5617 510 L
4725 448 mt 4809 532 L
4809 448 mt 4725 532 L
3832 478 mt 3916 562 L
3916 478 mt 3832 562 L
2939 518 mt 3023 602 L
3023 518 mt 2939 602 L
2047 566 mt 2131 650 L
2131 566 mt 2047 650 L
1154 607 mt 1238 691 L
1238 607 mt 1154 691 L
DA
gr
gs 899 388 5357 4228 rc
/c9 { 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000 sr} bdef
c9
-893 151 -892 151 -893 124 -893 107 -892 79 5659 889 6 MP stroke
gs 1050 743 4756 905 rc
SO
60 60 5659 889 FO
60 60 4767 968 FO
60 60 3874 1075 FO
60 60 2981 1199 FO
60 60 2089 1350 FO
60 60 1196 1501 FO
DA
gr
/c10 { 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 sr} bdef
c10
-893 268 -892 222 -893 198 -893 157 -892 177 5659 1525 6 MP stroke
gs 1050 1379 4756 1315 rc
SO
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5612 1478 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4720 1655 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3827 1812 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2934 2010 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2042 2232 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1149 2500 5 MP
DP
DA
gr
SO
c8
-895 150 -524 108 -372 73 -288 67 -236 43 -199 40 -173 37 -152 18
-136 11 -524 61 -1556 117 5954 817 12 MP stroke
gr
SO
gs 753 671 5348 1018 rc
5912 775 mt 5996 859 L
5996 775 mt 5912 859 L
4356 892 mt 4440 976 L
4440 892 mt 4356 976 L
3832 953 mt 3916 1037 L
3916 953 mt 3832 1037 L
3696 964 mt 3780 1048 L
3780 964 mt 3696 1048 L
3544 982 mt 3628 1066 L
3628 982 mt 3544 1066 L
3371 1019 mt 3455 1103 L
3455 1019 mt 3371 1103 L
3172 1059 mt 3256 1143 L
3256 1059 mt 3172 1143 L
2936 1102 mt 3020 1186 L
3020 1102 mt 2936 1186 L
2648 1169 mt 2732 1253 L
2732 1169 mt 2648 1253 L
2276 1242 mt 2360 1326 L
2360 1242 mt 2276 1326 L
1752 1350 mt 1836 1434 L
1836 1350 mt 1752 1434 L
857 1500 mt 941 1584 L
941 1500 mt 857 1584 L
gr
gs 899 388 5357 4228 rc
c9
-895 276 -524 239 -372 92 -288 86 -236 70 -199 70 -173 31 -152 38
-136 21 -524 104 -1556 192 5954 1527 12 MP stroke
gr
c9
gs 753 1381 5348 1512 rc
60 60 5954 1527 FO
60 60 4398 1719 FO
60 60 3874 1823 FO
60 60 3738 1844 FO
60 60 3586 1882 FO
60 60 3413 1913 FO
60 60 3214 1983 FO
60 60 2978 2053 FO
60 60 2690 2139 FO
60 60 2318 2231 FO
60 60 1794 2470 FO
60 60 899 2746 FO
gr
gs 899 388 5357 4228 rc
c10
-895 380 -524 196 -372 157 -288 112 -236 70 -199 51 -173 43 -152 30
-136 32 -524 118 -1556 205 5954 2383 12 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 753 2237 5348 1687 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 5907 2336 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 4351 2541 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3827 2659 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3691 2691 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3539 2721 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3366 2764 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 3167 2815 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2931 2885 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2643 2997 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 2271 3154 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1747 3350 5 MP
DP
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 852 3730 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 899 388 5357 4228 rc
gr
0 sg
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 168 FMSR
2958 4938 mt
(Interference [dB]) s
548 3035 mt -90 rotate
(FER Stream 1) s
90 rotate
%%IncludeResource: font Helvetica
/Helvetica /ISOLatin1Encoding 120 FMSR
882 4658 mt
( ) s
6239 430 mt
( ) s
6 w
1 sg
0 918 1895 0 0 -918 959 4556 4 MP
PP
-1895 0 0 918 1895 0 0 -918 959 4556 5 MP stroke
4 w
DO
SO
6 w
0 sg
959 4556 mt 2854 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2854 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2854 4556 mt 2854 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2854 4556 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
959 4556 mt 2854 4556 L
959 3638 mt 2854 3638 L
959 4556 mt 959 3638 L
2854 4556 mt 2854 3638 L
1422 3770 mt
(MMSE, SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
DA
24 w
c8
356 0 1030 3727 2 MP stroke
SO
gr
24 w
c8
gs 1062 3581 293 293 rc
1166 3685 mt 1250 3769 L
1250 3685 mt 1166 3769 L
gr
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
gr
0 sg
1422 3918 mt
(MMSE, SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
DA
c9
356 0 1030 3875 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 3729 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 3875 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1422 4066 mt
(MMSE, SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
DA
c10
356 0 1030 4023 2 MP stroke
SO
gs 1062 3877 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 3976 5 MP
DP
gr
gr
c10
0 sg
1422 4213 mt
(MMSE Matlab SNR=5dB) s
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
c8
356 0 1030 4170 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 4024 293 293 rc
1166 4128 mt 1250 4212 L
1250 4128 mt 1166 4212 L
gr
gr
c8
0 sg
1422 4361 mt
(MMSE Matlab SNR=10dB) s
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
c9
356 0 1030 4318 2 MP stroke
gs 1062 4172 293 293 rc
60 60 1208 4318 FO
gr
gr
c9
0 sg
1422 4509 mt
(MMSE Matlab SNR=15dB) s
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
c10
356 0 1030 4466 2 MP stroke
gr
c10
gs 1062 4320 293 293 rc
0 j
0 -94 -94 0 0 94 94 0 1161 4419 5 MP
DP
gr
gs 959 3638 1896 919 rc
6 w
gr
6 w
end %%Color Dict
eplot
%%EndObject
epage
end
showpage
%%Trailer
%%EOF
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
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% use one of the following notation conventions for
% matrices and vectors:
%
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% \def\mathlette#1#2{{\mathchoice{\mbox{#1$\displaystyle #2$}}%
% {\mbox{#1$\textstyle #2$}}%
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% {\mbox{#1$\scriptscriptstyle #2$}}}}
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% \newcommand{\definition}{:=}
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%
% \abbreviation{VE}{Viterbi Equalizer}
%
\newcommand{\abbreviation}[2]{{#2} ({#1}\index{#2}\index{#1|see{#2}})}
%% from Thomas:
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\def\argmax{\mathop{\mathrm{argmax}}}
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\def\trace{\mathrm{tr}}
\def\diag{\mathrm{diag}}
\def\var{\mathrm{var}}
\def\prob{\mathrm{Pr}}
\def\APP{\mathrm{APP}}
\def\EXT{\mathrm{EXT}}
\def\quant{\mathop{\mathrm{quant}}}
\def\dif{\mathrm{d}\,}
\def\E{\mathop{\mathcal{E}}}
% special notation is defined here
\def\nTD{\ensuremath{T_\mathrm{D}}} %delay spread
\def\nLD{\ensuremath{L_\mathrm{D}}} %delay spread normalized to sampling rate
\def\nTC{\ensuremath{T_\mathrm{C}}} %chip length
\def\nTS{\ensuremath{T_\mathrm{S}}} %symbol length
\def\nTX{\ensuremath{N_\mathrm{Tx}}} %symbol length
\def\nRX{\ensuremath{N_\mathrm{Rx}}} %symbol length
\def\nRC{\ensuremath{R_\mathrm{C}}} %code rate
\def\nRS{\ensuremath{R_\mathrm{S}}} %symbol mapper rate
\def\oH{\ensuremath{^H}} % Hermitean operator
\def\oT{\ensuremath{^T}} % transpose operator
\def\oF{\ensuremath{^{(\mathrm{F})}}} % Fourier basis expansion
\def\oS{\ensuremath{^{(\mathrm{S})}}} % Slepian basis expansion
\def\oFS{\ensuremath{^{(\mathrm{FS})}}} % finite Slepian basis expansion
\def\mTCP{\ensuremath{\Vec{T}_\mathrm{CP}}} %cyclic prefix insertion matrix
\def\mICP{\ensuremath{\Vec{I}_\mathrm{CP}}} %cyclic prefix insertion matrix
\def\mRCP{\ensuremath{\Vec{R}_\mathrm{CP}}} %cyclic prefix removal matrix
\def\nfC{\ensuremath{f_\mathrm{C}}} %carrier frequency
\def\nvmax{\ensuremath{v_\mathrm{max}}} %maximum speed
\def\nBD{\ensuremath{B_\mathrm{D}}} %Doppler bandwidth (one-sided)
\def\nBDmax{\ensuremath{B_\mathrm{Dmax}}} %maximum Doppler bandwidth, respectively frequency
\def\nnuD{\ensuremath{\nu_\mathrm{D}}} %normalized Doppler bandwidth
\def\nnuDmax{\ensuremath{\nu_\mathrm{Dmax}}} %maximum normalized Doppler bandwidth
\def\nfDmax{\ensuremath{\omega_\mathrm{Dmax}}} %maximum normalized Doppler bandwidth
\def\nEb{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{b}}} %energy per information bit
\def\nES{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{S}}} %energy per symbol
\def\nVD{\ensuremath{V_\mathrm{D}}} %Doppler diversity
\def\nPsiD{\ensuremath{\Psi_\mathrm{D}}} %Doppler diverstiy measure
\def\nVM{\ensuremath{V_\mathrm{M}}} %Multipath diversity
\def\bias{\ensuremath{\mathrm{bias}}} %bias
\def\var{\ensuremath{\mathrm{var}}} %variance
\def\MSE{\ensuremath{\mathrm{MSE}}} %MSE
\def\SNR{\ensuremath{\mathrm{SNR}}} %SNR
\def\nCcoh{\ensuremath{C_\mathrm{coh}}} %coherent capacity
\def\rank{\ensuremath{\mathrm{rank}}} %rank
\def\nSigmaU{\ensuremath{\Vec{\Sigma}_\mathrm{U}}} %useable channel subspace
\def\nSigmaN{\ensuremath{\Vec{\Sigma}_\mathrm{N}}} %noise subspace
\newcommand\inSet[2]{\ensuremath{\in\mathbbm{#1}^{\,#2}}} %inSet
\def\cfirst{\ensuremath{\Vec{c}_{\mathrm{first}}}} %c first
\def\clast{\ensuremath{\Vec{c}_{\mathrm{last}}}} %c last
\def\mus{\ensuremath{\mu{}\mathrm{s}}}
%\IEEEoverridecommandlockouts
% theorems, ...
%
\newtheorem{theo}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{df}{Definition}[section]
\newtheorem{property}{Property}[section]
\newtheorem{lem}[theo]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{cor}[theo]{Corollary}
\newenvironment{pr}[1][]{\noindent \textit{Proof: #1~~}}{\hspace*\fill$\square$\medskip}
\newenvironment{ex}{\noindent \footnotesize {\bf Example:~~}}{}
%{ \theorembodyfont{\rmfamily \footnotesize}
%\newtheorem{ex}{Example}[section]
%}
%{ \theorembodyfont{\rmfamily} \theoremstyle{break}
\newtheorem{alg}{Algorithm}[section]
%}
-172
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@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
% This file was created with JabRef 2.3.1.
% Encoding: ISO8859_1
@TECHREPORT{3GPPTS36.101,
author = {3GPP},
title = {User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception},
institution = {3GPP},
year = {2009},
type = {Technical Specification},
number = {36.101-V8.6.0},
month = jun,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26}
}
@TECHREPORT{3GPPTS36.211,
author = {3GPP},
title = {Physical Channels and Modulation},
institution = {3GPP},
year = {2009},
type = {Technical Specification},
number = {36.211-V8.6.0},
month = sep,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26}
}
@TECHREPORT{3GPPTS36.212,
author = {3GPP},
title = {Multiplexing and channel coding},
institution = {3GPP},
year = {2009},
type = {Technical Specification},
number = {36.212-V8.6.0},
month = sep,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26}
}
@TECHREPORT{3GPPTS36.213,
author = {3GPP},
title = {Physical layer procedures},
institution = {3GPP},
year = {2009},
type = {Technical Specification},
number = {36.213-V8.6.0},
month = sep,
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26}
}
@MISC{measurements_spec,
author = {EURECOM},
title = {Measurement Methodology and Post Processing for {LTE} Evaluation},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d142612/Measurement%20Methodology%20and%20Post%20Processing.doc}
}
@MISC{nomadic,
author = {EURECOM},
title = {Nomadic Mesurements Evalutation},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.08.25},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d181824/nomadic_results_all_sites.xls}
}
@MISC{test_plan,
author = {EURECOM},
title = {Test Plan},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d140202/Test%20Plan.docx}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{ghaffar10b,
author = { Ghaffar, R. and Knopp, R.},
title = {Making {M}ultiuser {MIMO} work for {LTE}},
booktitle = { IEEE 21-st International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile
Radio Communications (PIMRC 2010)},
year = {2010},
address = {Istanbul},
month = {September},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.10.11}
}
@ARTICLE{Greenstein1999,
author = {Greenstein, L.J. and Michelson, D.G. and Erceg, V.},
title = {Moment-method estimation of the {R}icean {K}-factor},
journal = {IEEE Communication Letters},
year = {1999},
volume = {3},
pages = {175--176},
number = {6},
doi = {10.1109/4234.769521},
issn = {1089-7798},
keywords = {Rician channels, parameter estimation, radio links, radiowave propagation,
signal processing, statistical analysis, time series, Ricean K-factor,
Ricean distribution, empirical distributions, exact function, fixed
wireless paths, measured power, moment-method estimation, radio propagation
environments, received signal, time-series data, time-varying envelope},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2008.05.09}
}
@MISC{ambialet_desc,
author = {SOGETI},
title = {Descriptif du site et de l'installation d'Ambialet},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d143506/Descriptif%20du%20site%20et%20de%20l%27installation%20d%27Ambialet.doc}
}
@MISC{cordes_desc,
author = {SOGETI},
title = {Descriptif du site et de l'installation de Cordes},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d143506/Descriptif%20du%20site%20et%20de%20l%27installation%20d%27Cordes.doc}
}
@MISC{measurements_spreadsheet,
author = {SOGETI},
title = {Base des tests réalisés},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d156195/Base%20des%20tests%20r%c3%a9alis%c3%a9s.xls}
}
@MISC{penne_desc,
author = {SOGETI},
title = {Descriptif du site et de l'installation de Penne},
year = {2010},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.26},
url = {https://bscw.eurecom.fr/bscw/bscw.cgi/d143506/Descriptif%20du%20site%20et%20de%20l%27installation%20d%27Penne.doc}
}
@TECHREPORT{IEEE802.16m_EMD,
author = {Roshni Srinivasan and Jeff Zhuang and Louay Jalloul and Robert Novak
and Jeongho Park},
title = {IEEE 802.16m Evaluation Methodology Document (EMD)},
institution = {IEEE},
year = {2009},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.08.31}
}
@BOOK{cost231,
title = {Digital Mobile Radio Towards Future Generation Systems},
publisher = {European Commission},
year = {1999},
editor = {E. Damosso and L.M. Correia},
owner = {kaltenbe},
timestamp = {2010.07.29}
}
@comment{jabref-meta: selector_publisher:}
@comment{jabref-meta: selector_author:}
@comment{jabref-meta: selector_journal:}
@comment{jabref-meta: selector_keywords:}
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-105
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@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
%\usepackage{epsfig,amsmath,amsfonts,url,subfigure,verbatim}
\begin{document}
\author{Florian Kaltenberger (\texttt{florian.kaltenberger@eurecom.fr})}
\title{EMOS Multiuser Measurement Manual}
\maketitle
\section{EMOS Multiuser Measurement Manual}
\subsection{Checklist}
Each user should have the following equipment
\begin{itemize}
\item Laptop
\item Power supply
\item Car power adaptor
\item GPS
\item CBMIMO1 Card (Availiable cards: 2, 6, 7, 11. Card 10 has a bad frequency response and card 12 crashes after some time)
\item 2 Batteries
\item Antennas
\item This Manual
\item Route and Time
\item Walkie Talkie
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Startup}
\begin{itemize}
\item Login using the name written on the laptop (password {\tt linux})
\item Power up the CBMIMO1 card, connect the antennas to the two outer connectors on the card, and insert it in the card slot
\item Connect the USB GPS receiver
\item Open a terminal window and change directory:\\
{\tt cd EMOS/emos\_gui}
\item Load the kernel module as root:\\
{\tt sudo make install\_cbmimo1\_softmodem\_emos}\\
(provide password {\tt linux} if asked)\\
The leds on the card should now be ``moving''
\item Start the GPS daemon as root:\\
{\tt sudo gpsd -f /dev/ttyUSB0} (provide password {\tt linux} if asked)
\item Start the GUI:\\
{\tt cd src}\\
{\tt ./emos\_gui -n4}
%Start with {\tt ./emos\_gui -nx}, where {\tt x} is the number of base station antennas.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Operation}
\begin{itemize}
\item Turn on the GUI by clicking the ``PWR'' button.
\item Make sure, there are no error messages.
\item If the terminal can synchronize to the base station, the displays should turn on and the two rightmost leds on the card should stay on.
\item Bring the GUI into multiuser mode by pressing the ``terminal mode'' button.
\item Make sure you set the terminal number to the number indicated on your laptop.
\item Now you are ready to turn on the recorder by pressing ``record''. The terminal now waits for the base station to signal the recording flag. Upon receiving the flag, the terminal will record the estimated channel. When the recording flag goes off, the data is stored to file, the file index is increased, and the terminal goes into standby again.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Troubleshooting}
\paragraph{Card does not synchronize}
Most probably you are in an area with no or too little signal.
\begin{itemize}
\item Make sure you stay on the measurement routes.
\item Make sure the antennas are connected correctly.
\item Check for other error messages on the GUI.
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{Channel displays do not refresh}
Most probably the card has crashed or there is a problem with the fifo.
\begin{itemize}
\item Stop recording and exit the GUI
\item Remove the kernel module:\\
{\tt cd ~/EMOS/emos\_gui}\\
{\tt sudo make remove\_cbmimo1\_emos}
\item Remove the card and the power
\item Load the kernel module as described above
\item Restart the GUI
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{No GPS data availiable}
\begin{itemize}
\item Make sure the GPS is connected correctly and that it can see the satelites (led on GPS constantly on)
\item Have you started the GPS daemon {\tt gpsd -f /dev/ttyUSB0}
\item Restart the GUI
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{GUI does not record or records permanently}
\begin{itemize}
\item Make sure you are in multiuser mode and you turned on record
\item Make sure there is enough disk space
\item Make sure that the record path (``config'' button) is set to ~/EMOS/data/
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{Computer freezes}
\begin{itemize}
\item Reboot
\end{itemize}
\end{document}
-674
View File
@@ -1,674 +0,0 @@
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17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
-37
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@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
SRC = emos_dump.c dump_size.c
OBJ = emos_dump.o dump_size.o
CFLAGS += $(shell rtai-config --lxrt-cflags)
LDFLAGS = $(shell rtai-config --lxrt-ldflags) -lpthread -llxrt -lm -lgps -lforms
CFLAGS += -m32 -I$(OPENAIR1_DIR) -I$(OPENAIR2_DIR)/RRC/LITE/MESSAGES
CFLAGS += -DPHYSIM -DNODE_RG -DUSER_MODE -DPC_TARGET -DPC_DSP -DNB_ANTENNAS_RX=2 -DNB_ANTENNAS_TXRX=2 -DNB_ANTENNAS_TX=2 -DPHY_CONTEXT=1
CFLAGS += -DOPENAIR_LTE -DENABLE_FXP -DOPENAIR1 #-DDLSCH_THREAD -DULSCH_THREAD
CFLAGS += -DEMOS -DEXMIMO
all: emos_dump dump_size
$(OBJ): %.o : %.c
@echo Compiling $< ...
@$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<
emos_dump: emos_dump.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) emos_dump.c -o emos_dump
dump_size: dump_size.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) dump_size.c -o dump_size
clean:
rm -rf emos_dump dump_size
rm -rf $(OBJ)
show:
@echo $(CFLAGS)
@echo $(OBJ)
beautiful:
astyle --style=gnu -s2 $(SRC)
-45
View File
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
/*******************************************************************************
OpenAirInterface
Copyright(c) 1999 - 2014 Eurecom
OpenAirInterface is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OpenAirInterface is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OpenAirInterface.The full GNU General Public License is
included in this distribution in the file called "COPYING". If not,
see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Contact Information
OpenAirInterface Admin: openair_admin@eurecom.fr
OpenAirInterface Tech : openair_tech@eurecom.fr
OpenAirInterface Dev : openair4g-devel@eurecom.fr
Address : Eurecom, Campus SophiaTech, 450 Route des Chappes, CS 50193 - 06904 Biot Sophia Antipolis cedex, FRANCE
*******************************************************************************/
#include "gps.h"
#include "SCHED/phy_procedures_emos.h"
int main(void)
{
printf("MAX_CQI_BITS = %d;\n",MAX_CQI_BITS);
printf("PHY_measurements_size = %d;\n",sizeof(PHY_MEASUREMENTS));
printf("PHY_measurements_eNb_size = %d;\n",sizeof(PHY_MEASUREMENTS_eNB));
//printf("UCI_data_t_size = %d;\n",sizeof(UCI_DATA_t));
//printf("DCI_alloc_t_size = %d;\n",sizeof(DCI_ALLOC_t));
printf("eNb_UE_stats_size = %d;\n",sizeof(LTE_eNB_UE_stats));
printf("fifo_dump_emos_UE_size = %d;\n",sizeof(fifo_dump_emos_UE));
printf("fifo_dump_emos_eNb_size = %d;\n",sizeof(fifo_dump_emos_eNB));
printf("gps_fix_t_size = %d\n",sizeof(struct gps_fix_t));
return(0);
}
-232
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@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
/*******************************************************************************
OpenAirInterface
Copyright(c) 1999 - 2014 Eurecom
OpenAirInterface is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OpenAirInterface is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OpenAirInterface.The full GNU General Public License is
included in this distribution in the file called "COPYING". If not,
see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Contact Information
OpenAirInterface Admin: openair_admin@eurecom.fr
OpenAirInterface Tech : openair_tech@eurecom.fr
OpenAirInterface Dev : openair4g-devel@eurecom.fr
Address : Eurecom, Campus SophiaTech, 450 Route des Chappes, CS 50193 - 06904 Biot Sophia Antipolis cedex, FRANCE
*******************************************************************************/
/*! \file emod_dump.c
* \brief reads data from a fifo and dumps it to disk
* \author F. Kaltenberger, Leonardo Cardoso
* \date 2012
* \version 0.2
* \company Eurecom
* \email: florian.kaltenberger@eurecom.fr
* \note
* \warning
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <gps.h>
#include <forms.h>
#include "SCHED/phy_procedures_emos.h"
#include "emos_dump.h"
int end=0;
static void endme(int dummy)
{
printf("SIGINT received\n");
end=1;
}
/*
#define TIMESTAMP_SIZE 8
#define PDU_ERRORS_SIZE 4
#define RX_RSSI_SIZE 2
#define COMPLEX16_SIZE 4
#define NO_OF_OFDM_CARRIERS 256
#define CHANNEL_BUFFER_SIZE (NB_ANTENNAS*COMPLEX16_SIZE*NO_OF_OFDM_CARRIERS+TIMESTAMP_SIZE+PDU_ERRORS_SIZE+RX_RSSI_SIZE) //in bytes
*/
#define NO_ESTIMATES_DISK 100 //No. of estimates that are aquired before dumped to disk
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
char c, eNB_flag=0;
char *fifo2file_buffer, *fifo2file_ptr;
int fifo, counter=0, bytes;
FILE *dumpfile_id;
char dumpfile_name[1024];
time_t starttime_tmp;
struct tm starttime;
int channel_buffer_size;
time_t timer;
struct tm *now;
struct gps_data_t *gps_data = NULL;
struct gps_fix_t dummy_gps_data;
while ((c = getopt (argc, argv, "he")) != -1) {
switch (c) {
case 'e':
eNB_flag=1;
break;
case 'h':
printf("EMOS FIFO to file dump.\n");
printf("Usage: %s -h(elp) -e(NB) (default=ue)\n",argv[0]);
exit(0);
default:
break;
}
}
timer = time(NULL);
now = localtime(&timer);
memset(&dummy_gps_data,1,sizeof(struct gps_fix_t));
gps_data = gps_open("127.0.0.1","2947");
if (gps_data == NULL)
{
printf("Could not open GPS\n");
//exit(-1);
}
#if GPSD_API_MAJOR_VERSION>=4
else if (gps_stream(gps_data, WATCH_ENABLE,NULL) != 0)
#else
else if (gps_query(gps_data, "w+x") != 0)
#endif
{
//sprintf(tmptxt,"Error sending command to GPS, gps_data = %x", gps_data);
printf("Error sending command to GPS\n");
//exit(-1);
}
if (eNB_flag==1)
channel_buffer_size = sizeof(fifo_dump_emos_eNB);
else
channel_buffer_size = sizeof(fifo_dump_emos_UE);
// allocate memory for NO_FRAMES_DISK channes estimations
fifo2file_buffer = malloc(NO_ESTIMATES_DISK*channel_buffer_size);
fifo2file_ptr = fifo2file_buffer;
if (fifo2file_buffer == NULL)
{
printf("Cound not allocate memory for fifo2file_buffer\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if ((fifo = open(CHANSOUNDER_FIFO_DEV, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening the fifo\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
time(&starttime_tmp);
localtime_r(&starttime_tmp,&starttime);
snprintf(dumpfile_name,1024,"%s_data_%d%02d%02d_%02d%02d%02d.EMOS",
(eNB_flag==1) ? "eNB" : "UE",
1900+starttime.tm_year, starttime.tm_mon+1, starttime.tm_mday, starttime.tm_hour, starttime.tm_min, starttime.tm_sec);
dumpfile_id = fopen(dumpfile_name,"w");
if (dumpfile_id == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening dumpfile\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
signal(SIGINT, endme);
printf("starting dump, channel_buffer_size=%d ...\n",channel_buffer_size);
while (!end)
{
bytes = rtf_read_all_at_once(fifo, fifo2file_ptr, channel_buffer_size);
/*
if (eNB_flag==1)
printf("eNB: count %d, frame %d, read: %d bytes from the fifo\n",counter, ((fifo_dump_emos_eNB*)fifo2file_ptr)->frame_tx,bytes);
else
printf("UE: count %d, frame %d, read: %d bytes from the fifo\n",counter, ((fifo_dump_emos_UE*)fifo2file_ptr)->frame_rx,bytes);
*/
fifo2file_ptr += channel_buffer_size;
counter ++;
if (counter == NO_ESTIMATES_DISK)
{
//reset stuff
fifo2file_ptr = fifo2file_buffer;
counter = 0;
//flush buffer to disk
if (eNB_flag==1)
printf("eNB: count %d, frame %d, flushing buffer to disk\n",
counter, ((fifo_dump_emos_eNB*)fifo2file_ptr)->frame_tx);
else
printf("UE: count %d, frame %d, flushing buffer to disk\n",
counter, ((fifo_dump_emos_UE*)fifo2file_ptr)->frame_rx);
if (fwrite(fifo2file_buffer, sizeof(char), NO_ESTIMATES_DISK*channel_buffer_size, dumpfile_id) != NO_ESTIMATES_DISK*channel_buffer_size)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error writing to dumpfile\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (gps_data)
{
if (gps_poll(gps_data) != 0) {
printf("problem polling data from gps\n");
}
else {
printf("lat %g, lon %g\n",gps_data->fix.latitude,gps_data->fix.longitude);
}
if (fwrite(&(gps_data->fix), sizeof(char), sizeof(struct gps_fix_t), dumpfile_id) != sizeof(struct gps_fix_t))
{
printf("Error writing to dumpfile, stopping recording\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
else
{
printf("WARNING: No GPS data available, storing dummy packet\n");
if (fwrite(&(dummy_gps_data), sizeof(char), sizeof(struct gps_fix_t), dumpfile_id) != sizeof(struct gps_fix_t))
{
printf("Error writing to dumpfile, stopping recording\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
}
}
free(fifo2file_buffer);
fclose(dumpfile_id);
close(fifo);
return 0;
}
-29
View File
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
/*******************************************************************************
OpenAirInterface
Copyright(c) 1999 - 2014 Eurecom
OpenAirInterface is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OpenAirInterface is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OpenAirInterface.The full GNU General Public License is
included in this distribution in the file called "COPYING". If not,
see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Contact Information
OpenAirInterface Admin: openair_admin@eurecom.fr
OpenAirInterface Tech : openair_tech@eurecom.fr
OpenAirInterface Dev : openair4g-devel@eurecom.fr
Address : Eurecom, Campus SophiaTech, 450 Route des Chappes, CS 50193 - 06904 Biot Sophia Antipolis cedex, FRANCE
*******************************************************************************/
#define CHANSOUNDER_FIFO_DEV "/dev/rtf3"

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